Table 2.
Associations between lifestyle pattern trajectories and child cardiometabolic risk markers at the age of 8 years (n = 546)1
| Unadjusted | Adjusted2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consistently healthy | Consistently unhealthy | Consistently healthy | Consistently unhealthy | ||||||
| B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | ||
| Anthropometrics | |||||||||
| BMI z-score (SDS) | 0.10 (-0.30, 0.50) | 0.62 | 0.02 (-0.31, 0.35) | 0.91 | 0.27 (-0.13, 0.68) | 0.19 | -0.03 (-0.37, 0.31) | 0.87 | |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 0.70 (-1.62, 3.02) | 0.55 | 0.26 (-1.68, 2.20) | 0.79 | 0.60 (-1.76, 2.95) | 0.62 | 0.30 (-1.68, 2.28) | 0.77 | |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | -0.06 (-5.08, 4.97) | 0.98 | 0.34 (-3.86, 4.54) | 0.88 | 0.57 (-4.49, 5.64) | 0.83 | 0.27 (-4.01, 4.55) | 0.90 | |
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | -0.14 (-2.75, 2.46) | 0.92 | 1.76 (-0.36, 3.88) | 0.10 | 0.06 (-2.51, 2.64) | 0.96 | 2.10 (-0.03, 4.24) | 0.05 | |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 0.65 (-1.24, 2.54) | 0.50 | 1.38 (-0.15, 2.92) | 0.08 | 0.39 (-1.59, 2.37) | 0.70 | 1.91 (0.27, 3.55) | 0.02 | |
| Pre-hypertension3 | 0.89 (0.26, 3.09) | 0.86 | 2.16 (1.01, 4.63) | 0.05 | 1.01 (0.27, 3.85) | 0.99 | 2.96 (1.18, 7.41) | 0.02 | |
| Laboratory measures | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.02 (-0.09, 0.13) | 0.68 | -0.02 (-0.11, 0.07) | 0.69 | -0.02 (-0.13, 0.09) | 0.78 | 0.03 (-0.06, 0.12) | 0.54 | |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 0.94 (-9.90, 11.8) | 0.87 | 12.8 (3.85, 21.7) | 0.01 | -2.74 (-14.3, 8.87) | 0.69 | 13.7 (4.24, 23.2) | 0.01 | |
| HOMA-IR | 0.02 (-0.32, 0.37) | 0.66 | 0.39 (0.11, 0.67) | 0.01 | -0.10 (-0.47, 0.27) | 0.60 | 0.43 (0.13, 0.74) | 0.01 | |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | -0.09 (-0.21, 0.04) | 0.48 | 0.12 (0.02, 0.23) | 0.02 | -0.06 (-0.19, 0.08) | 0.40 | 0.11 (0.00, 0.22) | 0.05 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.08 (-0.01, 0.17) | 0.09 | -0.06 (-0.13, 0.01) | 0.11 | 0.08 (-0.02, 0.17) | 0.10 | -0.05 (-0.13, 0.03) | 0.22 | |
| Prediction indices | |||||||||
| Metabolic syndrome score | 0.00 (-0.76, 0.77) | 0.99 | 0.84 (0.22, 1.46) | 0.01 | -0.14 (-0.93, 0.65) | 0.73 | 0.85 (0.20, 1.49) | 0.01 | |
| Fatty liver index | -0.41 (-2.13, 1.31) | 0.64 | 0.71 (-0.70, 2.12) | 0.32 | 0.02 (-1.88, 1.72) | 0.93 | 0.36 (-1.09, 1.82) | 0.62 | |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; SDS, standard deviation score; z-BMI, z-score of body mass index
1Multiple linear regression coefficient estimates (95%CI) and p-values are presented, referenced to the mixed trajectory
2Models were adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, educational attainment, household income, family history of cardiovascular disease, pre-pregnancy BMI, father’s BMI, child sex, birth order, and preterm birth. BMI z-score was not additionally adjusted for sex. Blood pressure analyses were further adjusted for child height at the age of 8 years
3Binary logistic regression odds ratio (95%CI) and p-values are presented, referenced to the mixed trajectory