Table 1.

Sociodemographic and potential risk and protective factors examined in the study.

Sociodemographic characteristics	Age (continuous), sex (dichotomous: male vs female), race (dichotomous: White vs non-White), education (dichotomous: some college or higher vs up to high school diploma), marital status (dichotomous: married/living with partner vs unmarried), income (dichotomous: $60,000 or more vs less than $60,000), years of military service, combat veteran status.
Psychiatric/Medical factors
MDD symptom severity	Measured using the two depressive symptoms of the PHQ-4 occurring in the past two weeks; a score ≥ 3 was indicative of a positive screen for MDD (Kroenke et al., 2009)
PTSD symptom severity	PTSD – assessed with the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; a score ≥ 33 was indicative of a positive screen for PTSD (Weathers et al., 2013)
Cumulative trauma burden	Count of potentially traumatic events on the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (Weathers et al., 2013)
Cognitive functioning	Cognitive functioning was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Functioning Scale (Stewart and Ware, 1991)
Number of medical conditions	Sum of number of medical conditions endorsed in response to question: “Has a doctor or healthcare professional ever told you that you have any of the following medical conditions?” (e.g., arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, kidney disease) Range: 0–24 conditions.
Current mental health treatment	Positive endorsement of current treatment with psychotropic medication and/or psychotherapy or counseling: “Are you currently taking prescription medication for a psychiatric or emotional problem?” Are you currently receiving psychotherapy or counseling for a psychiatric or emotional problem?
Psychosocial factors
Personality	Assessed using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) (Gosling et al., 2003), a 10-item self-report brief measure of the “Big Five” personality traits of emotional stability (anxious vs confident and calm), extraversion (outgoing vs reserved), openness to experience (imaginative and inventive vs cautious and routine-like), agreeableness (friendly and cooperative vs detached), and conscientiousness (efficient and organized vs careless)
Resilience	Score on Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (Campbell-Sills and Stein, 2007)
Dispositional optimism	Score on single-item measure of optimism from Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier et al., 1994); “In uncertain times, I usually expect the best” (rating 1 =strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree)
Purpose in life	Score on Purpose in Life Test-Short Form (Schulenberg et al., 2010) (Schulenberg et al., 2010)
Secure attachment style	Choose one: a) I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; b) I find it relatively easy to get close to others (secure); c) I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like (Hazan and Shaver, 1990)
Perceived social support	Score on 5-item version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale (Amstadter et al., 2011; Sherbourne and Stewart, 1991)

Note. DSM-5 =Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, MDD=major depressive disorder, PHQ=patient health questionnaire, PTSD=posttraumatic stress disorder.