Table 1.
Population characteristics and comorbidities by ethnicity and diabetes status.
| WB |
BSA |
ISA |
QSA |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes (n = 325) Mean (SD) |
Non-diabetes (n = 1426) Mean (SD) |
p-value | Diabetes (n = 585) Mean (SD) |
Non-diabetes (n = 580) Mean (SD) |
p-value | Diabetes (n = 362) Mean (SD) |
Non-diabetes (n = 734) Mean (SD) |
p-value | Diabetes (n = 291) Mean (SD) |
Non-diabetes (n = 277) Mean (SD) |
p-value | |
| Average age of onset (years, SD) | 71.1 (11.6) | 71.4 (13.8) | 0.65 | 65.4 (12.6) | 62.4 (17.2) | <0.001 | 56.3 (9.9) | 49.9 (14.2) | <0.001 | 50.9 (9.7) | 50.9 (11.0) | 0.97 |
| Men, n (%) | 197 (60.6) | 783 (54.9) | 0.071 | 375 (64.1) | 377 (65.0) | 0.80 | 256 (70.7) | 483 (65.8) | 0.12 | 282 (96.9) | 261 (94.2) | 0.18 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 842 (13.9) | 193 (15.2) | 0.67 | 96 (16.5) | 87 (15.1) | 0.77 | 63 (17.5) | 128 (17.5) | 0.31 | 95 (32.6) | 114 (41.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 93 (33.1) | 583 (49.1) | <0.001 | 115 (20.6) | 139 (25.0) | 0.089 | 149 (41.4) | 309 (42.6) | 0.76 | 60 (20.6) | 77 (27.8) | 0.057 |
| Adiposity index | ||||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 (6.1) | 26.7 (6.0) | <0.001 | 26.7 (5.0) | 25.9 (5.1) | 0.007 | 24.7 (3.7) | 23.5 (4.4) | <0.001 | 26.4 (4.1) | 26.2 (3.9) | 0.58 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.4 (20.6) | 89.2 (16.2) | <0.001 | 100.4 (16.7) | 93.8 (14.2) | <0.001 | 101.7 (22.0) | 91.9 (18.0) | <0.001 | 92.2 (11.5) | 91.0 (11.3) | 0.22 |
| Central obesity, n (%) | 116 (51.6) | 336 (34.1) | <0.001 | 193 (37.2) | 138 (27.5) | <0.001 | 52 (16.0) | 56 (9.0) | 0.002 | 41 (14.1) | 41 (14.8) | 0.90 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes family history | 107 (46.1) | 194 (18.7) | <0.001 | 318 (71.5) | 232 (58.6) | <0.001 | 161 (45.6) | 142 (19.7) | <0.001 | 129 (56.6) | 38 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 257 (79.3) | 834 (58.6) | <0.001 | 510 (88.1) | 338 (58.6) | <0.001 | 296 (82.7) | 423 (59.1) | <0.001 | 229 (79.0) | 192 (69.3) | 0.011 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 165 (50.8) | 419 (29.8) | <0.001 | 373 (66.1) | 214 (37.8) | <0.001 | 149 (45.0) | 200 (31.6) | <0.001 | 121 (41.9) | 75 (27.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 81 (27.1) | 224 (17.6) | <0.001 | 218 (38.4) | 110 (19.4) | <0.001 | 63 (17.5) | 79 (10.9) | 0.003 | 39 (13.5) | 8 (2.9) | <0.001 |
n: sample size; WB: White British individuals living in the United Kingdom; BSA: British South Asians living in the United Kingdom; ISA: South Asians living in India; QSA: South Asians living in Qatar; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; MI: myocardial infarction.
Central obesity was defined by waist circumference (men: >102 cm, women: >88 cm) or body mass index (⩾27 kg/m2); cardiovascular diseases was defined by the presence of ischemic heart disease, angina, or MI.