MDROs	Multidrug resistance organisms
MDR	Multidrug-resistant
POCT	Point-of-care testing
MRSA	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
CRE	Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
ICU	Intensive care unit
WHO	World Health Organization
NMSS	National Mortality Surveillance System
ESBLs	Extended spectrum-beta-lactamase
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease 2019
AMR	Antimicrobial resistance
ESKAPE	Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
AMEs	Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes
PBPs	penicillin-binding proteins
ARDS	Acute respiratory distress syndrome
AKI	Acute kidney injury
DAMPs	Danger-associated molecular patterns
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
HMGB1	High-mobility group box-1 protein
HSPs	Heat shock proteins
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LTA	Lipoteichoic acid
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
APCs	Antigen-presenting cells
PPR	Pattern recognition receptors
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
IFNs	Interferons
NF-κΒ	Nuclear factor-κΒ
IRF	Interferon regulatory factor
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor
IL	Interleukins
BSI	Bloodstream infection
MERS	Middle East respiratory syndrome-related
SARS	Severe acute respiratory syndrome
PCT	Procalcitonin
CRP	C-reactive protein
WBC	White blood cells
SIRS	Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
AUROC	Area under the receiver operating characteristic
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
MALDI-TOF MS	Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
MS	Mass spectrometry
SCC	Surviving Sepsis Campaign
AS	Antimicrobial stewardship
IDSA	Infectious Diseases Society of America
ESICM	European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
VAP	Ventilator-associated pneumonia
HAP	hospital-acquired pneumonia
ASP	Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
IPC	Infection prevention and control
CDC	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
AwaRe	Access, Watch, and Reserve
HCPs	Healthcare providers
VRE	Vancomycin-resistant Enterobacterales
IFNγ	interferon-gamma
GM-CSF	Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
mHLA-DR	monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR
CARB	Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
GSA	Global Sepsis Alliance
WHA	World Health Assembly
WSD	World Sepsis Day
SSCM	Society of Critical Care Medicine
LMIC	Low and middle-income countries