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. 2024 Jan 18;13(1):120. doi: 10.3390/antiox13010120

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Normal and diabetic tear film in comparison, with particular focus on the ROS-related changes in tear film production, composition and stability. AGEs: advanced glycated end products; DED: dry eye disease; DUOX2: dual oxidase 2; GSH: glutathione; HMGB1: high-mobility group box 1 protein; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; RAGE: receptor of advanced glycated end products; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4. Upward arrows indicate upregulation or increased activity, downward arrows indicate downregulation or decreased activity.