Table 8.
Final multivariable binary logistic regression model for dogs categorised as separation-related behaviour cases, reported at 21 months of age in a cohort of UK Pandemic Puppies acquired <16 weeks of age between 1 July and 31 December 2020 (n = 709). † Included as per information theory as a variable of a priori interest, regardless of significance. ° Retained in model by selection during automatic backwards elimination. ‡ Dog demographic variables individually used to replace breed (most common 12 breeds at 21 months) in the original model. • Dog behaviour variables individually used to replace total number of undesirable behaviours in the original model. * 95% confidence interval. Significant results in the table are formatted in bold font.
| Variable | Category | Odds Ratio | 95% CI * | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| • Number of attention-seeking behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 2.34 | 1.46–3.76 | <0.001 | |
| † Owner age | 18–24 years | 1.42 | 0.62–3.27 | 0.410 |
| 25–34 years | 1.71 | 1.03–2.83 | 0.038 | |
| 35–44 years | 1.21 | 0.73–2.00 | 0.463 | |
| 45–54 years | Ref | |||
| 55–64 years | 0.88 | 0.51–1.49 | 0.622 | |
| 65–≥75 years | 0.53 | 0.25–1.09 | 0.083 | |
| • Number of fear/avoidance behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.60 | 1.15–2.24 | 0.006 | |
| Total number owner-reported undesirable behaviours | 1.10 | 1.04–1.17 | 0.001 | |
| †‡ Typical adult bodyweight | ≤10 kg | 0.67 | 0.41–1.09 | 0.107 |
| 10 to <20 kg | Ref | |||
| 20 to <30 kg | 0.77 | 0.49–1.21 | 0.255 | |
| 30 to <40 kg | 0.49 | 0.28–0.87 | 0.014 | |
| ≥40 kg | 0.62 | 0.17–2.30 | 0.474 | |
| Another dog(s) in household (in 2020) | No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.48 | 0.30–0.77 | 0.002 | |
| Time left alone | Never | Ref | ||
| Up to 1 h | 0.94 | 0.50–1.76 | 0.839 | |
| 1 to 4 h | 0.58 | 0.33–1.01 | 0.054 | |
| Over 4 h | 0.37 | 0.18–0.75 | 0.006 | |
| † First-time dog owner | No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.08 | 0.71–1.63 | 0.730 | |
| † Owner gender | Female | Ref | ||
| Male | 1.02 | 0.55–1.89 | 0.941 | |
| † Dog sex | Female | Ref | ||
| Male | 1.00 | 0.71–1.42 | 0.988 | |
| † Neutered | No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.05 | 0.72–1.51 | 0.811 | |
| †‡ Purebred status | Crossbred | Ref | ||
| Purebred | 1.08 | 0.46–2.57 | 0.587 | |
| Designer Crossbred | 1.51 | 0.62–3.66 | 0.365 | |
| † Breed | Crossbred | Ref | ||
| Whippet | 2.22 | 0.60–8.24 | 0.236 | |
| Border Collie | 1.91 | 0.56–6.47 | 0.298 | |
| Labradoodle | 1.83 | 0.52–6.51 | 0.350 | |
| Cocker Spaniel | 1.77 | 0.63–5.01 | 0.279 | |
| Cavapoo | 1.76 | 0.43–7.26 | 0.431 | |
| Border Terrier Cockapoo |
1.71 | 0.47–6.23 | 0.414 | |
| 1.67 | 0.63–4.43 | 0.305 | ||
| English Springer Spaniel | 1.21 | 0.28–5.23 | 0.802 | |
| Labrador Retriever | 1.05 | 0.39–2.83 | 0.923 | |
| Other | 1.01 | 0.42–2.43 | 0.977 | |
| Golden Retriever | 0.71 | 0.17–2.91 | 0.631 | |
| Miniature Smooth-Haired Dachshund | 0.61 | 0.15–2.37 | 0.470 | |
| †‡ Breed group | Not KC recognised | Ref | ||
| Working | 0.99 | 0.41–2.38 | 0.977 | |
| Hound | 0.86 | 0.45–1.63 | 0.648 | |
| Toy | 0.86 | 0.31–2.37 | 0.768 | |
| Pastoral | 0.85 | 0.41–1.77 | 0.658 | |
| Utility | 0.83 | 0.42–1.66 | 0.596 | |
| Gundog | 0.80 | 0.51–1.25 | 0.324 | |
| Terrier | 0.75 | 0.36–1.56 | 0.443 | |
| ° General advice source for training and behaviour | Non-professional | Ref | ||
| Professional | 1.11 | 0.75–1.65 | 0.607 | |
| °• Number of control behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.45 | 0.88–2.41 | 0.147 | |
| °• Number of aggressive behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.09 | 0.75–1.59 | 0.655 | |
| °• Number of reaction to unfamiliar people behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.37 | 0.93–2.04 | 0.114 |