. 2024 Jan 22;14(2):336. doi: 10.3390/ani14020336

Table 9.

Final multivariable binary logistic regression model for owners using ≥1 aversive method/aid(s) to train their dog up to the age of 21 months in a cohort of UK Pandemic Puppies acquired <16 weeks of age between 1 July and 31 December 2020 (n = 758). † Included as per information theory as a variable of a priori interest, regardless of significance. ° Retained in model by selection during automatic backwards elimination. ‡ Dog demographic variables individually used to replace breed (most common 11 breeds at 21 months) in the original model. • Dog behaviour variables individually used to replace total number of undesirable behaviours in the original model. * 95% confidence interval. Significant results in the table are formatted in bold font.

Variable	Category	Odds Ratio	95% CI *	p-Value
• Number of reaction to familiar people behaviours	0		Ref
• Number of reaction to familiar people behaviours	≥1	5.50	1.29–23.45	0.021
†‡ Breed group	Not KC recognised		Ref
	Pastoral	4.80	1.31–17.59	0.018
	Gundog	2.70	1.51–4.83	<0.001
	Terrier	1.28	0.58–2.84	0.539
	Utility	1.15	0.51–2.57	0.735
	Hound	0.94	0.44–2.00	0.874
	Working	0.88	0.35–2.17	0.773
	Toy	0.49	0.17–1.43	0.191
Time left alone	Never		Ref
	Up to 1 h	0.89	0.41–1.93	0.762
	1 to 4 h	1.27	0.62–2.57	0.514
	Over 4 h	3.23	1.18–8.85	0.023
• Number of control behaviours	0		Ref
• Number of control behaviours	≥1	2.82	1.79–4.45	<0.001
†‡ Typical adult bodyweight	≤10 kg	0.63	0.37–1.08	0.091
	10 to <20 kg		Ref
	20 to <30 kg	1.52	0.87–2.66	0.147
	30 to <40 kg	2.36	1.13–4.89	0.022
	≥40 kg	0.47	0.11–1.93	0.293
• Number of aggressive behaviours	0		Ref
• Number of aggressive behaviours	≥1	2.21	1.34–3.65	0.002
• Number of reaction to unfamiliar people behaviours	0		Ref
• Number of reaction to unfamiliar people behaviours	≥1	2.12	1.24–3.65	0.006
• Number of attention-seeking behaviours	0		Ref
• Number of attention-seeking behaviours	≥1	2.02	1.30–3.14	0.002
• Number of reaction to other dogs behaviours	0		Ref
• Number of reaction to other dogs behaviours	≥1	1.75	1.05–2.91	0.032
Purchased breed/crossbreed because easy to train	No		Ref
Purchased breed/crossbreed because easy to train	Yes	1.70	1.08–2.66	0.022
Total number owner-reported undesirable behaviours		1.24	1.14–1.35	<0.001
Total number owner-reported undesirable behaviours
Attended puppy training classes <16 weeks	No		Ref
	Yes, in person	0.96	0.61–1.51	0.871
	Yes, online	0.36	0.18–0.70	0.003
† First-time dog owner	No		Ref
† First-time dog owner	Yes	0.81	0.50–1.31	0.381
† Owner age	18–24 years	0.90	0.29–2.81	0.821
	25–34 years	0.86	0.46–1.59	0.620
	35–44 years	0.69	0.39–1.23	0.208
	45–54 years		Ref
	55–64 years	0.89	0.48–1.66	0.702
	65–74 years	1.28	0.53–3.11	0.580
	≥75 years	1.53	0.17–13.82	0.707
† Owner gender	Female		Ref
† Owner gender	Male	1.35	0.615–2.959	0.456
† Dog sex	Female		Ref
† Dog sex	Male	1.27	0.84–1.91	0.262
† Neutered	No		Ref
† Neutered	Yes	1.09	0.71–1.70	0.690
†‡ Purebred status	Crossbred		Ref
	Purebred	1.36	0.48–3.90	0.564
	Designer Crossbred	0.84	0.29–2.48	0.757
† Breed	Crossbred		Ref
	Border Collie	4.16	0.42–40.77	0.222
	Border Terrier	2.77	0.44–17.28	0.275
	Labrador Retriever	2.17	0.62–7.62	0.225
	Golden Retriever	2.00	0.39–10.34	0.205
	Cocker Spaniel	1.34	0.37–4.86	0.660
	Miniature Smooth-Haired Dachshund	1.10	0.23–5.36	0.906
	Miniature Smooth-Haired Dachshund
	Other	1.06	0.37–3.02	0.914
	Cockapoo	1.03	0.31–3.44	0.959
	Cavapoo	0.83	0.13–5.51	0.850
	Labradoodle	0.71	0.15–3.32	0.662
	Whippet	0.43	0.10–1.94	0.272
° Purchased dog to improve mental health	No		Ref
° Purchased dog to improve mental health	Yes	1.29	0.83–1.98	0.257
° Purchased breed/crossbreed because good with children	No		Ref
° Purchased breed/crossbreed because good with children	Yes	0.66	0.43–1.03	0.069
° Sold outside breeders’ home	No		Ref
° Sold outside breeders’ home	Yes	1.47	0.95–2.27	0.088
°• Number of fear/avoidance behaviours	0		Ref
°• Number of fear/avoidance behaviours	≥1	1.34	0.91–1.98	0.136