Table 13.
Final multivariable binary logistic regression model for owners finding training and maintaining their dog’s obedience harder than expected up to 21 months of age relative to soon after acquisition amongst a cohort of UK Pandemic Puppies acquired 1 July–31 December 2020 (n = 739). † Included as per information theory as a variable of a priori interest, regardless of significance. ° Retained in model by selection during automatic backwards elimination. ‡ Dog demographic variables individually used to replace breed (most common 12 breeds at 21 months) in the original model. • Dog behaviour variables individually used to replace total number of undesirable behaviours in the original model. * 95% confidence interval. Significant results in the table are formatted in bold font.
| Variable | Category | Odds Ratio | 95% CI * | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| † Owner age | 18–24 years | 0.67 | 0.27–1.67 | 0.391 |
| 25–34 years | 1.52 | 0.92–2.53 | 0.105 | |
| 35–44 years | 0.59 | 0.35–1.01 | 0.054 | |
| 45–54 years | Ref | |||
| 55–64 years | 0.99 | 0.55–1.80 | 0.982 | |
| 65–74 years | 0.81 | 0.34–1.97 | 0.645 | |
| ≥ 75 years | 6.07 | 1.07–34.43 | 0.042 | |
| † Breed | Crossbred | Ref | ||
| Golden Retriever | 4.13 | 1.10–15.48 | 0.035 | |
| Border Collie | 3.10 | 0.84–11.50 | 0.091 | |
| English Springer Spaniel | 2.97 | 0.70–12.53 | 0.138 | |
| Labradoodle | 2.80 | 0.71–11.08 | 0.141 | |
| Labrador Retriever | 2.44 | 0.82–7.20 | 0.107 | |
| Cocker Spaniel | 2.43 | 0.77–7.68 | 0.130 | |
| Whippet | 2.37 | 0.57–9.80 | 0.234 | |
| Cockapoo | 2.29 | 0.77–6.76 | 0.135 | |
| Other | 1.94 | 0.73–5.15 | 0.182 | |
| Border Terrier | 1.91 | 0.45–8.14 | 0.380 | |
| Miniature Smooth-Haired Dachshund | 1.90 | 0.43–8.47 | 0.401 | |
| Cavapoo | 1.80 | 0.41–7.99 | 0.440 | |
| • Number of reaction to familiar people behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 3.75 | 1.90–7.42 | <0.001 | |
| • Number of attention-seeking behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 2.86 | 1.80–4.54 | <0.001 | |
| • Number of reaction to other dogs behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 2.44 | 1.67–3.55 | <0.001 | |
| • Number of control behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 2.38 | 1.39–4.05 | 0.001 | |
| • Number of aggressive behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.99 | 1.38–2.87 | <0.001 | |
| • Number of fear/avoidance behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.99 | 1.43–2.76 | <0.001 | |
| General advice source for training and behaviour | Non-professional | Ref | ||
| Professional | 1.87 | 1.16–3.01 | 0.010 | |
| • Number of reaction to unfamiliar people behaviours | 0 | Ref | ||
| ≥1 | 1.64 | 1.12–2.41 | 0.011 | |
| Attended adult training classes >16 weeks | No | Ref | ||
| Yes, in person | 1.57 | 1.07–2.31 | 0.023 | |
| Yes, online | 1.71 | 0.70–4.14 | 0.236 | |
| † First-time dog owner | No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.52 | 1.01–2.29 | 0.044 | |
| Total number owner reported undesirable behaviours | 1.29 | 1.21–1.38 | <0.001 | |
| † Owner gender | Female | Ref | ||
| Male | 0.84 | 0.45–1.58 | 0.588 | |
| † Dog sex | Female | Ref | ||
| Male | 1.30 | 0.91–1.86 | 0.149 | |
| † Neutered | No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.85 | 0.58–1.24 | 0.396 | |
| †‡ Purebred status | Crossbred | Ref | ||
| Purebred | 2.34 | 0.89–6.16 | 0.085 | |
| Designer Crossbred | 1.88 | 0.70–5.09 | 0.214 | |
| †‡ Breed group | Not KC recognised | Ref | ||
| Utility | 1.72 | 0.86–3.44 | 0.127 | |
| Terrier | 1.47 | 0.73–2.94 | 0.277 | |
| Gundog | 1.40 | 0.88–2.24 | 0.156 | |
| Pastoral | 1.37 | 0.65–2.87 | 0.411 | |
| Working | 1.04 | 0.38–2.87 | 0.936 | |
| Toy | 0.99 | 0.33–2.99 | 0.980 | |
| Hound | 0.85 | 0.42–1.72 | 0.659 | |
| †‡ Typical adult bodyweight | ≤10 kg | 1.06 | 0.64–1.74 | 0.833 |
| 10 to <20 kg | Ref | |||
| 20 to <30 kg | 1.24 | 0.78–1.98 | 0.369 | |
| 30 to <40 kg | 1.66 | 0.96–2.85 | 0.069 | |
| ≥40 kg | 2.00 | 0.48–8.24 | 0.339 | |
| ° Current working location of owner | At home | 1.30 | 0.81–2.06 | 0.275 |
| Away from home | 0.64 | 0.39–1.07 | 0.088 | |
| At and away from home | Ref | |||
| Unemployed | 0.96 | 0.37–2.51 | 0.934 | |
| Retired | 1.09 | 0.53–2.24 | 0.808 | |
| ° Attended puppy classes <16 weeks | No | Ref | ||
| Yes, in person | 1.10 | 0.75–1.62 | 0.626 | |
| Yes, online | 1.21 | 0.61–2.40 | 0.588 | |
| ° Location left alone | A crate/indoor kennel (door closed) | 1.40 | 0.84–2.31 | 0.193 |
| Loose in a single room | 0.71 | 0.47–1.07 | 0.099 | |
| Loose in multiple rooms | Ref |