Table 1. Characteristics of the included patients with septic shock.
| Variables | Total (n = 304) | Survivor group (n = 226) | 28-day mortality group (n = 78) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | χ2= 1.200 | 0.273 | |||
| Male | 207 (68.09) | 150 (66.37) | 57 (73.08) | ||
| Female | 97 (31.91) | 76 (33.63) | 21 (26.92) | ||
| Age, years, Mean ± SD | 59.70 ± 15.94 | 58.08 ± 16.43 | 64.38 ± 13.46 | t= −3.36 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± SD | 23.01 ± 3.99 | 23.17 ± 3.80 | 22.56 ± 4.49 | t=1.17 | 0.244 |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%); | 119 (39.14) | 84 (37.17) | 35 (44.87) | χ2= 1.445 | 0.229 |
| Chronic lung disease, yes, n (%); | 14 (4.61) | 6 (2.65) | 8 (10.26) | – | 0.010 |
| Diabetes, yes, n (%); | 44 (14.47) | 29 (12.83) | 15 (19.23) | χ2= 1.918 | 0.166 |
| Chronic kidney disease, yes, n (%); | 12 (3.95) | 8 (3.54) | 4 (5.13) | – | 0.512 |
| Heart disease, yes, n (%); | 26 (8.55) | 16 (7.08) | 10 (12.82) | χ2= 2.444 | 0.118 |
| Chronic liver disease, yes, n (%); | 11 (3.62) | 7 (3.10) | 4 (5.13) | – | 0.482 |
| Cardiovascular disease, yes, n (%); | 15 (4.93) | 9 (3.98) | 6 (7.69) | – | 0.225 |
| Chronic bronchitis, yes, n (%); | 4 (1.32) | 1 (0.44) | 3 (3.85) | – | 0.053 |
| Malignancy, yes, n (%); | 46 (15.13) | 30 (13.27) | 16 (20.51) | χ2= 2.366 | 0.124 |
| Coronary artery disease, yes, n (%); | 13 (4.28) | 7 (3.10) | 6 (7.69) | – | 0.104 |
| Dyslipidemia, yes, n (%); | 6 (1.97) | 6 (2.65) | 0 (0.00) | – | 0.344 |
| Atrial fibrillation, yes, n (%); | 20 (6.58) | 11 (4.87) | 9 (11.54) | χ2= 4.199 | 0.040 |
| Chronic liver disease, yes, n (%); | 29 (9.54) | 18 (7.96) | 11 (14.10) | χ2= 2.532 | 0.112 |
| COPD, yes, n (%); | 17 (5.59) | 11 (4.87) | 6 (7.69) | – | 0.392 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, yes, n (%); | 64 (21.05) | 38 (16.81) | 26 (33.33) | χ2= 9.521 | 0.002 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, yes, (%); | 4 (1.32) | 4 (1.77) | 0 (0.00) | – | 0.576 |
| Infection site, n (%) | – | 0.497 | |||
| Urinary system | 4 (1.32) | 4 (1.77) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Bloodstream | 18 (5.92) | 11 (4.87) | 7 (8.97) | ||
| Gastrointestinal tract | 4 (1.32) | 3 (1.33) | 1 (1.28) | ||
| Gallbladder | 6 (1.97) | 4 (1.77) | 2 (2.56) | ||
| Others | 272 (89.47) | 204 (90.27) | 68 (87.18) | ||
| Coma degree, n (%) | – | 0.100 | |||
| Normal state | 197 (64.80) | 155 (68.58) | 42 (53.85) | ||
| Mild coma | 7 (2.30) | 5 (2.21) | 2 (2.56) | ||
| Moderate coma | 82 (26.97) | 54 (23.89) | 28 (35.90) | ||
| Severe coma | 18 (5.92) | 12 (5.31) | 6 (7.69) | ||
| SBP, mmHg, Mean ± SD | 127.10 ± 28.58 | 129.53 ± 28.10 | 120.05 ± 28.99 | t = 2.55 | 0.011 |
| DBP, mmHg, Mean ± SD | 70.64 ± 16.54 | 71.88 ± 15.83 | 67.04 ± 18.08 | t = 2.25 | 0.025 |
| Heart rate, times/min, Mean ± SD | 93.76 ± 21.55 | 92.15 ± 21.08 | 98.42 ± 22.36 | t = − 2.23 | 0.027 |
| Respiratory rate, times/min, Mean ± SD | 19.54 ± 4.81 | 19.19 ± 4.33 | 20.56 ± 5.90 | t = − 1.89 | 0.062 |
| Body temperature, °C, Mean ± SD | 37.27 ± 0.80 | 37.27 ± 0.75 | 37.25 ± 0.94 | t = 0.17 | 0.868 |
| Urine volume, mL, M (Q1, Q3) | 1050.00 (600.00, 1700.00) | 1050.00 (600.00, 1720.00) | 1075.00 (490.00, 1590.00) | Z = − 0.129 | 0.897 |
| NLR, M (Q1, Q3) | 13.12 (7.49, 21.60) | 11.70 (6.98, 19.22) | 17.16 (10.43, 27.81) | Z = 3.212 | 0.001 |
| SII, M (Q1, Q3) | 1709.30 (820.62, 3467.08) | 1607.12 (775.33, 3126.23) | 2322.57 (941.13, 3937.21) | Z = 1.503 | 0.133 |
| Hb, g/L, Mean ± SD | 112.65 ± 28.83 | 113.27 ± 29.69 | 110.88 ± 26.29 | t = 0.63 | 0.530 |
| RBC, 1012 /L, Mean ± SD | 3.48 ± 0.85 | 3.52 ± 0.88 | 3.35 ± 0.75 | t = 1.56 | 0.121 |
| PLT, 109 /L, M (Q1, Q3) | 147.88 (94.50, 206.50) | 156.25 (101.67, 219.00) | 133.04 (86.00, 186.80) | Z = − 1.783 | 0.075 |
| HCT, L/L, Mean ± SD | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 0.34 ± 0.08 | t = 0.65 | 0.517 |
| ALT, U/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 24.00 (14.00, 42.00) | 24.00 (13.00, 39.00) | 25.00 (15.00, 55.00) | Z = 1.420 | 0.156 |
| AST, U/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 31.00 (20.00, 73.50) | 29.34 (19.00, 65.00) | 39.00 (26.00, 108.00) | Z = 2.959 | 0.003 |
| TBIL, µmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 17.17 (11.85, 25.85) | 16.65 (11.60, 25.03) | 18.05 (12.30, 32.90) | Z = 1.162 | 0.245 |
| ALB, g/L, Mean ± SD | 30.45 ± 6.16 | 31.03 ± 6.07 | 28.79 ± 6.16 | t= 2.79 | 0.006 |
| BUN, mmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 7.00 (4.50, 11.00) | 6.45 (4.30, 10.30) | 8.65 (5.40, 12.30) | Z= 2.842 | 0.004 |
| Cr, µmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 71.50 (54.50, 108.00) | 68.00 (53.00, 97.00) | 86.00 (64.00, 131.00) | Z = 2.697 | 0.007 |
| UA, µmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 252.75 (173.00, 371.00) | 242.00 (178.00, 342.00) | 282.00 (167.00, 400.00) | Z = 0.889 | 0.374 |
| K, mmol/L, Mean ± SD | 3.82 ± 0.71 | 3.82 ± 0.70 | 3.83 ± 0.73 | t = − 0.13 | 0.894 |
| Na, mmol/L, Mean ± SD | 137.77 ± 6.27 | 137.36 ± 5.82 | 138.96 ± 7.34 | t = − 1.74 | 0.084 |
| Cl, mmol/L, Mean ± SD | 106.95 ± 6.50 | 106.42 ± 6.35 | 108.47 ± 6.73 | t = − 2.41 | 0.017 |
| Ca, mmol/L, Mean ± SD | 1.17 ± 0.26 | 1.17 ± 0.27 | 1.17 ± 0.22 | t = 0.06 | 0.949 |
| GLU, mmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 8.00 (6.66, 10.50) | 7.90 (6.70, 10.40) | 8.40 (6.62, 10.80) | Z = 0.601 | 0.548 |
| CRP, mg/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 65.93 (18.95, 144.60) | 55.15 (16.80, 118.70) | 108.05 (39.40, 200.20) | Z = 4.005 | <0.001 |
| PCT, µg/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.34 (0.25, 6.63) | 0.95 (0.21, 5.56) | 2.69 (0.95, 13.11) | Z = 3.845 | <0.001 |
| WBC, 109 /L, M (Q1, Q3) | 10.38 (7.13, 15.54) | 10.38 (7.45, 15.58) | 10.38 (6.35, 14.85) | Z = − 0.856 | 0.392 |
| LAC, mmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.70 (1.20, 2.70) | 1.70 (1.10, 2.40) | 2.20 (1.40, 4.10) | Z = 3.253 | 0.001 |
| Blood PH, Mean ± SD | 7.38 ± 0.10 | 7.38 ± 0.09 | 7.36 ± 0.11 | t = 1.75 | 0.084 |
| Oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), M (Q1, Q3) | 2.39 (1.70, 3.32) | 2.64 (1.91, 3.40) | 1.84 (1.22, 2.78) | Z = − 4.442 | <0.001 |
| SaO2, %, Mean ± SD | 97.24 ± 3.53 | 97.61 ± 2.83 | 96.16 ± 4.91 | t = 2.46 | 0.016 |
| APTT, s, M (Q1, Q3) | 40.15 (34.30, 47.40) | 39.35 (34.10, 47.30) | 42.15 (35.10, 48.60) | Z = 1.640 | 0.101 |
| TT, s, M (Q1, Q3) | 16.50 (15.55, 18.20) | 16.50 (15.50, 18.00) | 16.65 (15.60, 18.90) | Z = 1.268 | 0.205 |
| PT, s, M (Q1, Q3) | 15.10 (13.90, 17.00) | 14.90 (13.80, 16.70) | 15.60 (14.30, 17.60) | Z= 2.483 | 0.013 |
| FIB, g/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.73 (2.59, 5.23) | 3.59 (2.55, 5.06) | 4.44 (2.99, 5.61) | Z = 1.718 | 0.086 |
| IgG, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 9.33 (7.26, 11.80) | 9.37 (7.38, 11.80) | 9.28 (6.69, 11.80) | Z = − 0.757 | 0.449 |
| C3, g/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 0.79 (0.62, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.02) | 0.72 (0.51, 0.92) | Z = − 2.624 | 0.009 |
| C4, mg/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 187.25 (141.00, 243.50) | 191.84 (144.00, 246.00) | 168.00 (128.00, 229.00) | Z = − 1.568 | 0.117 |
| Fluid resuscitation, yes, n (%) | 297 (97.70) | 221 (97.79) | 76 (97.44) | – | 1.000 |
| Vasoactive drugs, yes, n (%) | 300 (98.68) | 223 (98.67) | 77 (98.72) | – | 1.000 |
| Glucocorticoids, yes, n (%) | 251 (82.57) | 177 (78.32) | 74 (94.87) | χ2=11.038 | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation, yes, n (%) | 270 (88.82) | 192 (84.96) | 78 (100.00) | χ2=13.212 | <0.001 |
| Hemodialysis, yes, n (%) | 124 (40.79) | 70 (30.97) | 54 (69.23) | χ2=35.141 | <0.001 |
| Length of ICU stay, h, M (Q1, Q3) | 190.00 (90.00, 336.00) | 178.00 (74.00, 336.00) | 193.00 (96.00, 384.00) | Z = 0.424 | 0.672 |
Notes.
–
Fisher’s exact test.
- BMI
- body mass index
- COPD
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- SBP
- systolic blood pressure
- DBP
- diastolic blood pressure
- NLR
- neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
- SII
- systemic immune-inflammation index
- Hb
- hemoglobin
- RBC
- red blood cell
- PLT
- platelet
- HCT
- hematocrit
- ALT
- alanine aminotransferase
- AST
- aspartate aminotransferase
- TBIL
- total bilirubin
- ALB
- albumin
- BUN
- blood urea nitrogen
- Cr
- creatinine
- UA
- uric acid
- GLU
- blood glucose
- CRP
- C-reactive protein
- PCT
- procalcitonin
- WBC
- white blood cell
- LAC
- lactic acid
- SaO2
- blood oxygen saturation
- APTT
- activated partial thromboplastin time
- TT
- thrombin time
- PT
- prothrombin time
- FIB
- fibrinogen
- IgG
- immunoglobulin G
- ICU
- Intensive Care Unit