Table 5.
Commercially available vaccines against Salmonella in humans and animals.
| Vaccines | Target Pathogens | Indications | Notable Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vi Conjugate (Vi-rEPA) | S. Typhi | Human | Up to 90% efficacy in children between 2 and 5 years old. Rapid production of Vi-specific IgM and IgG with 2 logs reduction in shedding of the bacteria. | [432] |
| Modified live S. Dublin vaccine (EnterVene-d) | S. Dublin | Cattle | Stimulated cell-mediated immunity with antibody titer increased by 49% in vaccinated cows. Antibody titer increased by 88.56% in calves from the vaccinated cows, demonstrating strong horizontal transfer. |
[435] |
| Ty21a | S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi B | Human | Cross-reactive multifunctional T-cell response with an increase in IgA production of 56% against S. Typhii and 38% against S. Paratyphi B compared to the control. | [424,429] |
| M01ZH09, Single dose independently attenuating deletion (S. Typhi (Ty2ΔaroCΔssaV) ZH9) | S. Typhi | Human | Rapid and high production of IgG and IgA with the fecal clearance of the bacteria within 7 days post-infection without any severe symptoms. | [434] |
| GMMA, Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens | S. Typhimurium, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A | Human | Increased stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with increased IL-6 production. Elicit strong bacteriocidal anti-LPS O-antigen antibody and IgG production and complete clearance of the bacteria. | [37,40] |
| Vi Conjugate (Vi-CRM197) | S. Typhi | Human | Demonstrated 89% protective efficacy against typhoid fever and the protection lasted at least 4 years, significantly increased IgG antibody titer. | [433] |
| S. Typhi Vi polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Tybar) | S. Typhi | Human | Robust anti-Vi IgG response in all age groups with significant protection across all age groups, including infants (children under the age of 2 years), with an efficacy of 85% without any side effects. | [431] |
| AviPro Megan Vac 1 + A12:E13 |
S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg | Poultry | Complete clearance of S. Enteritidis by 10 days post-infection with positive cases reduced to 6% on secondary inoculation. No vertical transfer of the antibodies observed. |
[442] |
| Chitosan-adjuvanted Salmonella subunit nanoparticle vaccine (OMPs-F-CS NPs) |
S. Enteritidis | Poultry | Upregulation of TLRs and Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNA with increased OMPs-specific IgY and IgA antibodies in saliva and intestine on oral administration. Salmonella shedding was reduced by 7 times compared to the mock challenge. |
[436] |
| Inactivated trivalent Salmonella enterica vaccine (Nobilis® Salenvac T; Intervet International B.V., Boxmeer, The Netherlands) | S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis | Poultry | A 3.9 log increase in mean antibody titer upon administration of the booster dose in chicken with 2.6 log reduction in cecal shedding of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, followed by 1.3 log reduction in S. Infantis | [438] |
| Poulvac® ST (Zoetis Inc. New Jersey, USA) | S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Hadar | Poultry | A % reduction in S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. Typhimurium, and S. Hadar in liver and spleen, with cross-protection between all 5 strains. | [437] |
| Autologous killed trivalent vaccine (Tri-Vaccine) | S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg | Poultry | In total, 58% of the cloacal swabs from the infected birds demonstrated complete clearance of the bacteria 8 days post-infection. | [442] |