Table 6.

Different organic acids used for the control of Salmonella infection in humans and animals.

Plant	Major Components	Salmonella Serotype	MIC	Activity	References
Thymus vulgaris	Thymol (37.5%), p-cymene (14.49%), γ-terpinene (11.15%), linalool (4.71%), and carvacrol (4.62%)	S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028	0.25% v/v	The zone of inhibition in the agar-well diffusion assay was found to be 25.5 mm against S. Typhimurium, with complete clearance of the bacteria at MIC 0.25% v/v	[484]
Origanum vulgare	Thymol- and carvacrol-based EO	S. enteritidis ATCC 13076	120 μg/mL (carvacrol), 130 μg/mL (Thymol)	Complete clearance of the bacteria at 120 μg/mL (carvacrol) and 130 μg/mL (Thymol) in vitro	[485]
Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica	α-Pinene (10.8%)	S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028	0.26 mg/mL	Complete clearance of S. Typhimurium was found to be at 0.5 mL/mL with a zone of inhibition of 22 mm	[486]
Cinnamomum verum	Not identified	S. enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg	>20 μL/mL	The zone of inhibition of all of the strains was found to be higher than 20 mm on agar well diffusion assay.	[487]
Citrus medica L. Var. Sarcodactylis	d-Limonene terpinene	S. Typhimurium	2.0 mg/mL	The zone of inhibition was found to be 20 mm and the inhibition of biofilm formation was found to be 90%.	[58]
Ocimum basilicum	linalool, 1,8-cineole, eugenol, α-terpineol, ρ-cymene, and germacrene D	S. Enteritidis	20 μg/mL	Two log reduction in the number of Salmonella when used in food products, colonization resistance was evident	[488]
Allium sativum (Garlic)	diallyl disulfide	S. Typhimurium	MIC/8 (1/512) μg/mL	Inhibition of biofilm formation by 23%, downregulation of virulence genes including invA and sdiA genes	[489]
Commercially available Essential oils.	Thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde	S. Enteritidis	4.6 mg/mL	Complete clearance of illeal and cecal Salmonella in broiler chicken at 10 dpi, improved illeal integrity, gut immunity modulation	[33]
Aniba rosaeodora	Linaloo	S. Typhimurium S. Pullorum	4 mg/mL 8 mg/mL	In vitro: complete clearance of the bacteria at 4 mg/mL and 8 mg/mL, respectively In vivo: complete clearance and systemic protection in chicks, modulate host inflammatory process	[490]
Cymbopogon citrates (Lemongrass)	Neral, Citral, Geranyl acetate	S. Newport	---	Significant reduction in bacterial population by 1 log CFU/g when co-cultured with S. Newport	[491]