Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of different green extraction techniques.

Green Extraction Technique	Advantages	Disadvantages
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with SC–CO2	rapidity high efficiency good selectivity versatility mild extraction suitable for thermolabile/volatile compounds suitable for non-polar compounds	medium costs not suitable for polar compounds limited mass transfer coextraction of undesirable substances
Subcritical water extraction (SWE)	tunable selectivity suitable for thermolabile/volatile compounds suitable for water-soluble compounds preservation of compounds activity	medium efficiency large extract volumes and low concentration in final products complex optimization often, long times; potential formation of undesirable substances
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction	high dissolution properties easy production stability low costs versatility	high viscosity toxicity of some DESs
Fluorous solvents extraction	rapidity stability versatility suitable for polar compounds	high costs not suitable for highly non-polar compounds
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)	rapidity high efficiency high precision homogeneous temperature diffusion mild extraction	highly dependent on solvent/biomass dielectric properties often, long times; potential formation of degradation products complex microwave-system selection difficult scale-up
Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)	rapidity high efficiency	non-uniformity in ultrasonic-energy distribution potential formation of degradation products
Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)	rapidity high efficiency high selectivity non-necessity of other processing steps	high costs complex optimization difficult scale-up
Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE)	rapidity versatility mild extraction preservation of compounds’ activities stable products	medium efficiency high costs long times emulsification of products and necessity of other processing steps
Cold press extraction (CE)	high efficiency low costs	necessity of other processing steps