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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Oncol. 2023 Jul 27;24(9):967–977. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00318-2

Table 1:

Characteristics of included studies

Included studies (n=501)
Type of study
Single-centre 431 (86·0%)
Multicentre (1 country) 56 (11·2%)
Multicentre (≥2 countries) 14 (2·8%)
Study design
Randomised controlled trial 9 (1·8%)
Prospective cohort or case-series 98 (19·6%)
Retrospective cohort or case-series 367 (73·3%)
Unspecified cohort or case-series 22 (4·4%)
Other 5 (1·0%)
Country income level *
Low income 20 (4·0%)
Lower-middle income 207 (41·3%)
Upper-middle income 286 (57·1%)
WHO region
Western Pacific region 124 (24·8%)
South-East Asia region 99 (19·8%)
Region of the Americas 72 (14·4%)
Eastern Mediterranean region 100 (20·0%)
European region 63 (12·6%)
African region 46 (9·2%)

Data are n (%).

*

12 studies involved more than one country income level.

One study involved four WHO regions.