Table 2.
The list of articles on the biodistribution of vaccine mRNA.
| mRNA-LNP | Immunization Details |
Species | Results (mRNA) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA-1647 | A single intramuscular injection of 100 µg of mRNA-1647 | Sprague–Dawley rats (only males) | +++ injection site, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eyes ++ blood + heart, lungs, testes, and brain − kidneys (max concentrations at 24 h) |
[10] |
| mRNA vaccine against Influenza Viruses | A single injection of 6 mg of formulated mRNA, either intramuscularly or intradermally | CD-1 mice (only males) | ++++ injection site +++ lymph nodes ++ spleen, liver + blood plasma and other tissues (max concentrations at 24 h) |
[37] |
| E6- or E7-encoding mRNA (mixed with TriMix) | Two doses intravenously (1 week apart) of 100 µg of mRNA in total | non-human primates | +++ spleen ++ liver, bone marrow + lung, lymph node − heart, brain, kidney, adrenal gland (after the 2nd administration) |
[38] |
| mRNA vaccine against yellow fever | A single intramuscular injection of 200 µg | Cynomolgus monkeys | +++ injection site ++ inguinal LNs + iliac and para-aortic LNs (up to 28 h after vaccination) |
[40] |
| BNT162b2 | 16 individuals (first/second/boost dose) | Humans | + blood plasma (up to 15 days after vaccination) |
[41] |
| BNT162b2 or mRNA 1273 | HCV-positive patients (first/second dose) | Humans | + blood plasma (up to 28 days after vaccination) |
[42] |
| BNT162b2 or mRNA 1273 | Two doses of one of the vaccines | Humans | + lymph nodes (up to 60 days after vaccination) |
[31] |
| BNT162b2 or mRNA 1273 | 20 individuals (first/second/boost dose) | Humans | ++ axillary lymph nodes + heart − spleen, liver (up to 26 days after vaccination) |
[44] |
| BNT162b2 or mRNA 1273 | Healthy lactating individuals (first/second dose) | Humans | + breast milk (up to 48 h after vaccination, only in ~50% of subjects) | [45,46] |
| BNT162b2 or mRNA 1273 | Healthy lactating individuals (first/second dose) | Humans | − breast milk | [47] |
| BNT162b2 | Healthy lactating individuals (first/second dose) | Humans | + breast milk (up to 3 days after vaccination, only in ~10% of subjects) | [48] |
| rabies saRNA vaccine | A single intramuscular or intradermal injection at 0.15 μg | BALB/c mice | + injection site (max concentration at 4 h) |
[49] |
| saRNA vaccine | A single intramuscular injection | C57Bl/6J mice | +++ injection site, lymph nodes ++ liver, spleen + lungs (up to 21 days after vaccination) |
[50] |
| rabies saRNA vaccine | A single intramuscular injection at 15 µg | Sprague–Dawley rats | +++ injection site, lymph nodes ++ liver, spleen, lungs + blood plasma – brain, kidneys, heart, reproductive organs |
[51] |
| saRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 | A single intramuscular injection at 6 µg | Sprague–Dawley rats | +++ injection site, lymph nodes, spleen ++ liver, blood + heart, lungs, kidneys, reproductive organs − brain |
[52] |
| saRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 | A single oral administration at 10 µg | BALB/c mice | ++ small intestine + large intestine, liver |
[53] |
“+”: detectable, “−”: not detectable, the number of plus signs indicates relative levels among different organs and tissues.