Table 1.
Description of the entire cohort and comparisons of participants with no cognitive complaints to those with cognitive complaints across sociodemographic, medical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological domains.
| Measure | Total Sample (n = 74) |
No Cognitive Complaints (n = 51) |
Cognitive Complaints (n = 23) |
Statistic, df, p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||
| Age (m, SD) | 43.49 (15.06) | 40.39 (14.77) | 50.35 (13.61) | t = −2.748; df = 72; p = 0.008 |
| Female (N, (%)) | 52 (70%) | 35 (69%) | 17 (74%) | Chi sq = 0.212, df = 1, p = 0.65 |
| Ethnic Minority (N (%)) | 26 (35%) | 17 (33%) | 9 (39%) | Chi sq =0.234, df 1, p = 0.63 |
| Years of Education (m, SD) | 16.05 (2.20) | 16.31 (2.13) | 15.48 (2.27) | t = 1.529, df 72, p = 0.13 |
| In a Relationship | 48 (65%) | 34 (67%) | 14 (61%) | Chi sq = 0.23, df 1, p = 0.6229 |
| Employed or Student | 59 (80%) | 42 (82%) | 17 (74%) | Chi sq = 0.70, df = 1, p = 0.40 |
| Medical Characteristics | ||||
| Days between acute illness and assessment (m, SD) | 222.4 (134.3) | 208.90 (136.3) | 251.04 (127.9) | t = −1.25; df = 72; p = 0.21 |
| # of medical comorbidities (m, SD) | 1.53 (1.50) | 1.25 (1.34) | 2.13 (1.69) | t = −2.40; df = 72; p = 0.019 |
| Seeking medical care for PASC (N, %) | 46 (62%) | 26 (51%) | 20 (87%) | Chi sq = 8.72, df = 1, p = 0.003 |
| Peak COVID symptoms (m, SD) |
16.64 (6.24) | 14.45 (5.48) | 21.48 (5.03) | t = −5.235; df = 72; p < 0.001 |
| Appt 1 COVID symptoms (m, SD) | 6.45 (4.78) | 4.98 (4.15) | 9.7 (4.55) | t = −4.391; df 72; p < 0.001 |
| Chalder Fatigue Scale, (N = 73) (m, SD) |
21.73 (7.66) | N = 50, 19.22 (7.48) |
N = 23, 27.17 (4.69) |
t = −5.521, df 64.211, p < 0.001 |
| Chalder criteria for clinically significant fatigue (N = 73) (N, %) | 44 (60.3%) | 22 (43%) | 22 (95.7%) | Chi sq = 18.141, df 2, p < 0.001 |
| Psychiatric Characteristics | ||||
| Prior psychiatric history (N, %) | 31 (42%) | 18 (35%) | 13 (57%) | Chi sq = 2.934, df 1, p = 0.087 |
| PHQ−9 Score (m, SD) | 10.2 (6.19) | 7.82 (5.30) | 15.48 (4.58) | t = −5.985; df 72; p < 0.001 |
| Met PHQ−9 criteria for clinically significant depression (N, %) | 39 (53%) | 18 (35%) | 21 (91%)) | Chi sq = 19.949, df 1, Fisher’s exact p < 0.001 |
| GAD, (m, SD) | 7.35 (5.51) | 5.20 (4.10) | 12.13 (5.29) | t = −6.138, df 72; p < 0.001 |
| Met GAD−7 criteria for clinically significant anxiety (N, %) | 23 (31%) | 8 (16%) | 15 (65%) | Chi sq = 18.155, df 1, Fisher’s exact p <0.001 |
| PCL−5 score (m, SD) | M = 21.81 SD = 15.202 |
M = 16.12 SD = 11.554 |
M = 34.43 SD = 14.890 |
t = −5.757; df 72; p < 0.001 |
| Met PCL- 5 criteria for clinically significant PTSD symptoms (m, SD) | 18 (24%) | 4 (8%) | 14 (61%) | Chi sq = 24.213 Df = 1, Fisher’s exact p <0.001 |
| IADL (m, SD) | N = 73 7.48 (1.14) |
N = 50 7.76 (0.77) |
N = 23 6.87 (1.55) |
t = 2.616, df = 27.158, p = 0.014 |
| Neuropsychological Characteristics | ||||
| TOPF, (m, SD) | 109.51 (12.06) | 109.59 (13.14) | 109.35 (9.48) | t = 0.079; df 72; p = 0.937 |
| Normal NP Performance (N, %) | 30 (41%) | 25 (49%) | 5 (22%) | |
| Low or Extremely Low NP performance (N, %) | 44 (59%) | 26 (51%) | 18 (78%) | Chi sq = 4.894 df = 1, p = 0.027 |
| Extremely Low NP Performance only (N, %) | 15 (20%) | 8 (16%) | 7 (30%) | Chi sq = 2.133 df = 1 Fisher’s exact p = 0.211 |
| RBANS Total, (m, SD) | 93.65 (4.21) | 97.88 (11.97) | 84.26 (14.52) | t = 4.235, df = 72, p < 0.001 |
| RBANS Immediate Memory, (m, SD) | 88.57 (16.54) | 92.73 (14.33) | 79.35 (17.67) | t = 3.453, df 72, p < 0.001 |
| RBANS Visuospatial, (m, SD) | 104.95 (16.38) | 108.67 (12.60) | 96.7 (20.65) | t = 2.573 df = 29.634 p = 0.015 |
| RBANS Language, (m, SD) | M = 94.20 SD = 14.387 |
M = 96.92 SD = 15.324 |
M = 88.17 SD = 9.898 |
t = 2.507, df 72, p = 0.014 |
| RBANS SMF | t = 3.950, df = 72, p < 0.001 | |||
| RBANS Attention, (m, SD) | 97.39 (15.34) | 101.08 (14.70) | 89.22 (13.74) | t = 3.277, df 72, p = 0.002 |
| RBANS Delayed Memory, (m, SD) | 92.16 (15.71) | 94.29 (14.41) | 87.43 (13.74) | t = 1.763, df 72, p = 0.082 |
| Trails A, (m, SD) | 46.30 (11.16) | 48.2 (11.16) | 42.09 (10.17) | t = 2.238, df 72, p = 0.028 |
| Trails B, (m, SD) | 44.51 (11.39) | M = 46.86 SD = 10.214 |
M = 39.30 SD = 12.327 |
t = 2.760, df 72, p = 0.007 |
| Letter Fluency, (m, SD) | N = 73 47.30 (10.58) |
N = 50 47.74 (10.63) |
46.35 (9.213) | t = 0.541, df = 71, p = 0.590 |
| Category Fluency, (m, SD) | 48.64 (10.58) | 49.31 (10.97) | 47.13 (9.71) | t = 0.820, df = 72, p = 0.415 |
| Stroop CW, (m, SD) | 47.169 (11.61) | 49.29 (11.77) | 42.46 (9.92) | t = 2.420, df= 72, p = 0.018 |
| Total MOCA, (m, SD) | 25.74 (2.65) | 26.39 (2.65) | 24.30 (2.06) | t = 3.351, df = 72, p = 0.001 |