Table 1.
Clinical development of the asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates of P. falciparum.
| Antigen a | Vaccine b | Most Advanced Outcome c | Structure d |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMA1 | FMP2.1/AS02A | P2b: Strain-specific [80,81] | Solved [82] |
| MSP1 | FMP1/AS02A | P2b: Ineffective [83] | Solved [84] |
| MSP2 | Combination B | P2b: Strain-specific [85] | ND |
| MSP3 | GMZ2 | P2b: Ineffective [86] | ND |
| EBA175 | EBA175 RII-NG | P1b: Safe, immunogenic [87] | Solved [88] |
| SERA5 | BK-SE36/CpG | P1b: Safe, immunogenic [89] | Solved [90] |
| Rh5 | RH5.1/AS01B | P2a: Reduction of PMR [91] | Solved [31,92] |
| Ripr | PfRipr5/CAF01 | Pre-clinical [93] | Solved [31,94] |
| CyRPA | CyRPA/GLA-SE | Pre-clinical [95] | Solved [96,97] |
| P27A | P27A/GLA-SE | P1b: Safe, immunogenic [98] | ND |
| PfSEA-1 | PfSEA-1/TiterMax | Experimental [99] | ND |
| PfGARP | PfGARP/mRNA | Pre-clinical [77] | ND |
a List of asexual blood-stage vaccine antigens; b List of formulated vaccines; c Most advanced outcomes; d Tertiary structure data. P1: phase 1 clinical trial, etc.; Strain-specific, parasite strain-specific protection; PMR: parasite multiplication rate in vivo; Experimental: not advanced to pre-clinical development; ND: not determined.