Table 6.

Key findings in the use of biomimetic materials in the architectural field.

Key Findings and Applications	Description
Adaptive Building Facades [107,108,109]	Integration of biomimetic smart materials, such as those with shape memory effects or light-responsive behaviors, into 4D-printed facades, enabling the creation of dynamic building envelopes that adapt their shape, permeability, or shading properties in response to changes in temperature, light intensity, or humidity.
Self-Assembling Structures [110,111]	Incorporation of materials that respond to specific triggers, such as temperature or moisture, allowing 4D-printed components to autonomously assemble into complex structures. This mimics the growth and self-assembly mechanisms observed in natural organisms, promoting efficient and sustainable construction methods and facilitating the creation of adaptable and reconfigurable spaces.
Responsive Architectural Elements [112,113,114]	Utilization of materials that change their shape or porosity in response to external stimuli in 4D-printed components, optimizing airflow, daylighting, and thermal comfort within buildings. These responsive elements dynamically adapt to changing weather conditions, occupant preferences, or energy requirements, resulting in enhanced indoor environmental quality and reduced energy consumption.
Bioclimatic Building Envelopes [115]	Development of building envelopes that regulate internal temperature and humidity based on external climatic conditions, mimicking adaptive features found in natural systems. These envelopes enable buildings to self-regulate and maintain optimal indoor environmental conditions, promoting energy efficiency and occupant comfort while reducing the overall environmental footprint.
Natural Light Optimization [116]	Design of 4D-printed architectural components that manipulate natural light within a building, enhancing daylight penetration and distribution. Incorporation of light-responsive materials enables the creation of spaces that balance natural illumination and privacy, reducing energy consumption associated with artificial lighting and promoting a healthier and more productive indoor environment for occupants.
Enhanced Acoustic Performance [117]	Implementation of innovative architectural solutions that enhance acoustic performance within buildings. Integration of materials inspired by natural sound-absorbing mechanisms effectively mitigates noise polution and reverberation, creating quieter and more comfortable indoo spaces conducive to work, relaxation, and social interaction.
Adaptive Water Management Systems [118]	Utilization of biomimetic smart materials to develop adaptive water management systems that mimic the self-regulating capabilities of natural water-retention mechanisms. Integration of materials with responsive hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties enables efficient water flow management, reduces the risk of water-related damage, and promotes sustainable water conservation practices, enhancing the resilience and sustainability of building infrastructure.