Table 2.
Examples of integrin and IAC-related genes and proteins with biomarker potential in prostate cancer. Integrins and the genes/proteins of the consensus adhesome and the adhesome of the often-studied integrin αVβ5 were considered. CT, cancer tissue; M, metastases; BM, bone marrow; B, blood; S, serum; P, plasma; U, urine; EVs, extracellular vesicles; D, diagnostic; PRO, prognostic; PRE, predictive biomarker; R, biomarker of prostate cancer risk; RS, risk stratification biomarker.
| Gene/Protein | Category | Type of Molecule Studied | Compartment Used | Biomarker Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITGA2 (integrin subunit alpha 2) | Integrin | mRNA and protein | CT, BM, M | D, PRO | [406,407,408] |
| ITGA3 | Integrin | Protein | CT, U (EVs) | D, PRO, RS | [150,409,410] |
| ITGA5 | Integrin | Protein | CT, M | D, RS | [91,411] |
| ITGA6 | Integrin | Protein | CT, BM | PRO, RS | [407,408,409,412,413] |
| ITGA7 | Integrin | Gene and protein | CT | D, PRO, RS | [411,414] |
| ITGAV | Integrin | Gene and protein | CT, M, U | D, PRO, R, RS | [91,415,416,417] |
| ITGB1 | Integrin | Protein | CT, U (EVs) | D, PRO, RS | [150,412,418] |
| ITGB4 | Integrin | Gene, mRNA, and protein | CT | D, PRO | [391,419,420] |
| ITGB5 | Integrin | Protein | CT, S (EVs) | D, RS | [148,421] |
| α3β1 integrin | Integrin | Protein | CT | PRO | [410] |
| α6β4 integrin | Integrin | Protein | CT | D | [190,391] |
| αVβ5 integrin | Integrin | Protein | CT | PRO, RS | [415] |
| ACTN1 (actinin alpha 1) | Consensus (cons.) and αVβ5 adhesome | Protein | CT | PRO, RS | [422] |
| ANXA1 (annexin A1) | Cons. adhesome | mRNA and protein | CT, U | D | [243,420] |
| FEN1 (flap endonuclease 1) | Cons. adhesome | Protein | CT | D, RS | [423] |
| FHL2 (four and a half LIM domains 2) | Cons. adhesome | Protein (nuclear) | CT | D, PRO, RS | [424,425] |
| FLNA (filamin-A) | αVβ5 adhesome | Protein | CT, S | D | [395,426] |
| FLNA, FLNB correlation | αVβ5 adhesome | Protein | S | D | [427] |
| ILK (integrin linked kinase) | Cons. adhesome | Protein | CT | D, PRO, RS | [428] |
| IQGAP1 (IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1) | Cons. adhesome | mRNA and protein | CT | D, PRO, RS | [429] |
| P4HB (prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta) | Cons. adhesome | mRNA | CT | D, PRO, PRE, RS | [430] |
| PDLIM5 (PDZ and LIM domain 5) | Cons. adhesome | Gene, mRNA, and protein | CT | D, PRO, PRE, RS | [431,432,433] |
| PLEC (plectin) | αVβ5 adhesome | Protein | CT, M | D | [400] |
| PXN (paxillin) | Cons. adhesome | Protein | CT, M | D, PRE, RS | [434,435] |
| SORBS1(sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1) | Cons. adhesome | mRNA | CT | D, PRO | [436,437] |
| TGM2 (transglutaminase 2) | Cons. adhesome | mRNA and protein | CT | D, PRO, RS | [438,439] |
| TLN1 (talin 1) | Consensus and αVβ5 adhesome |
Protein | CT, M | D, PRE, RS | [404,440] |
| VCL (vinculin) | Consensus and αVβ5 adhesome | Gene and protein | CT, U | D | [441,442] |
| ZYX (zyxin) | Cons. adhesome | Protein | CT | D | [170,443] |