Table 5.
Antioxidant materials for osteoporosis treatment.
| Category | Material | Load | Model | Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogel | Poloxamer 407 and selenium | Silibinin | Rat | Bone regeneration and mineralization | [201] |
| EGCG, 3-acrylamido phenylboronic acid and acrylamide | MSCs | Rabbit | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and improved osteogenesis | [220] | |
| gelatine methacryloyl–dopamine | Melatonin | Rat | Promotion of osteogenesis and improved bone quality | [221] | |
| Polymers | Silica NPs | Cerium oxide | RAW264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells | Antioxidant capability and stimulated cell proliferation and osteogenic responses | [202] |
| Chitosan NPs | Shilajit water extract | Rat | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity | [205] | |
| Fe2O3@PSC NPs | - | Mice | ROS scavenging, pro-osteogenic and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation | [206] | |
| Lycopene NPs | - | BMSCs | Pro-osteoblast differentiation | [211] | |
| PLGA NPs | Tocotrienol | Rat | Improvement in bone strength and mineralization | [207] | |
| polycaprolactone/gelatine NPs | Polaprezinc | Rat | Promotion of bone formation | [208] | |
| Titanium dioxide nanotubes | - | Rat calvarial osteoblasts | Improvement in osteoblast adhesion and osteogenic differentiation | [218] | |
| Inorganic NPs | Selenium | - | hESC-derived hMSCs | Increased antioxidant levels | [209] |
| Cerium oxide | - | MC3T3-E1 cells | Antioxidant activity | [203] | |
| Iron oxide | - | Mice | Antioxidant, osteogenic differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation | [212] | |
| Platinum | - | Mice | Decreased osteoclast activity levels and antioxidant capacity | [213] | |
| Manganese | β-tricalcium | Rat | Promotion of the differentiation of osteoblasts and accelerate bone regeneration | [214] | |
| Manganese oxide | Zn2+ | MC3T3-E1 cells | Catalase-like activity | [216] |