Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted β coefficients and 95% CI of semen quality parameters across tertiles and per 10% increment of ultra-processed food consumption.
| UPF consumption (% of energy from UPF) |
Per 10% increment |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend | (n = 200) | |
| (n = 67) | (n = 67) | (n = 66) | |||
| UPF consumption, % energy | [3.26–17.14] | [17.35–23.16] | [23.29–46.14] | [3.26–46.14] | |
| Total sperm count (×106 spz.)a | |||||
| Crude model | 0 (Ref.) | 0.82 (−1.13 to 2.77) | −1.74 (−3.70 to 0.22) | 0.097 | −1.12 (−2.12 to −0.12) |
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.75 (−1.24 to 2.75) | −1.79 (−3.76 to 0.18) | 0.089 | −1.12 (−2.13 to −0.11) |
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.57 (−1.53 to 2.68) | −2.20 (−4.58 to 0.19) | 0.090 | −1.50 (−2.83 to −0.17) |
| Sperm concentration (×106 spz./ml)a | |||||
| Crude model | 0 (Ref.) | −0.03 (−1.08 to 1.02) | −1.08 (−2.14 to −0.03) | 0.048 | −0.49 (−1.03 to 0.05) |
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.11 (−1.19 to 0.97) | −1.08 (−2.14 to −0.01) | 0.051 | −0.48 (−1.02 to 0.07) |
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.26 (−1.41 to 0.89) | −1.42 (−2.72 to −0.12) | 0.037 | −0.66 (−1.38 to 0.07) |
| Sperm vitality (%)a | |||||
| Crude model | 0 (Ref.) | −0.15 (−0.53 to 0.24) | −0.27 (−0.65 to 0.12) | 0.166 | −0.05 (−0.25 to 0.15) |
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.23 (−0.61 to 0.16) | −0.30 (−0.68 to 0.09) | 0.127 | −0.07 (−0.27 to 0.12) |
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.26 (−0.67 to 0.15) | −0.45 (−0.92 to 0.01) | 0.055 | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.12) |
| Total motility (%) | |||||
| Crude model | 0 (Ref.) | 0.001 (−5.93 to 5.93) | −4.91 (−10.86 to 1.04) | 0.113 | −1.19 (−4.24 to 1.86) |
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.42 (−5.66 to 6.50) | −5.07 (−11.08 to 0.94) | 0.107 | −1.23 (−4.32 to 1.87) |
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −1.01 (−7.47 to 5.45) | −7.83 (−15.16 to −0.51) | 0.042 | −2.48 (−6.58 to 1.63) |
| Progressive motility (%) | |||||
| Crude model | 0 (Ref.) | 0.69 (−5.21 to 6.60) | −3.60 (−9.52 to 2.33) | 0.246 | −0.56 (−3.59 to 2.47) |
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | 1.20 (−4.88 to 7.28) | −3.89 (−9.90 to 2.12) | 0.220 | −0.65 (−3.74 to 2.44) |
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.48 (−6.98 to 6.01) | −7.33 (−14.70 to 0.03) | 0.059 | −2.25 (−6.38 to 1.87) |
| Normal sperm forms (%)a | |||||
| Crude model | 0 (Ref.) | −0.02 (−0.43 to 0.38) | −0.21 (−0.62 to 0.19) | 0.307 | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.12) |
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.03 (−0.45 to 0.39) | −0.21 (−0.63 to 0.20) | 0.311 | −0.14 (−0.35 to 0.07) |
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.004 (−0.44 to 0.45) | −0.23 (−0.74 to 0.27) | 0.378 | −0.20 (−0.47 to 0.08) |
UPF, ultra-processed food; T, tertiles; Ref, reference. Model 1 was adjusted by age (years), education level (primary and secondary education, graduate) and income (less than 1000 EU, between 1000 and 2000 EU and more than 2000 EU). Model 2 was additionally adjusted by abstinence time (days), body mass index (kg/m2), total energy intake (kcal/day), smoking status (current, former, never), physical activity (tertiles of MET-min/week), and NOVA classification system groups except group 4.
Total sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm vitality, and normal sperm forms were cubic root-transformed to more closely approximate to a normal distribution. Bold indicates P-value < 0.05.