Table 4.
β-coefficients and 95% CI of semen quality parameters for substituting 10% of energy from unprocessed or minimally processed food consumption for 10% of energy from ultra-processed food consumption.
| Substitution of UMPF consumption for UPF consumption | |
|---|---|
| (n = 200) | |
| Total sperm count (×106 spz.)a | |
| Fully adjusted model | 1.78 (0.29 to 3.27) |
| Sperm concentration (×106 spz./ml)a | |
| Fully adjusted model | 0.89 (0.07 to 1.70) |
| Sperm vitality (%)a | |
| Fully adjusted model | 0.09 (−0.21 to 0.38) |
| Total motility (%) | |
| Fully adjusted model | 5.80 (1.27 to 10.34) |
| Progressive motility (%) | |
| Fully adjusted model | 5.76 (1.22 to 10.30) |
| Normal sperm forms (%)a | |
| Fully adjusted model | 0.32 (0.01 to 0.64) |
UMPF, unprocessed or minimally processed food; UPF, ultra-processed food. Values are based in the 10% of energy from specific group food consumption. Linear regression models were adjusted by age (years), education level (primary and secondary education, graduate), income (less than 1000 EU, between 1000 and 2000 EU and more than 2000 EU), abstinence time (days), body mass index (kg/m2), total energy intake (kcal/day), smoking status (current, former, never), physical activity (tertiles of MET-min/week), and NOVA classification system groups 2 and 3.
Total sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm vitality, and normal sperm forms were cubic root-transformed to more closely approximate a normal distribution. Bold indicates P-value < 0.05.