Table 3.

Treatments for gliomas.

Treatment	Description	Reference
Surgery	First-line treatment to remove as much of the tumor as possible while preserving critical brain functions.	[68]
LITT	A minimally invasive procedure that uses laser energy to heat and destroy tumor cells. It can be used as an alternative to traditional surgery or as a salvage treatment option for recurrent tumors.	[75]
FUS	A non-invasive procedure that uses focused ultrasound waves to heat and destroy tumor cells. It can be used as an alternative to traditional surgery or as a salvage treatment option for recurrent tumors.	[76]
Radiation therapy	Used following surgery to kill any remaining tumor cells and prevent tumor regrowth. Various types of radiation therapy can be used, including external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery.	[69]
Chemotherapy	Reserved for cases where surgery and radiation therapy alone are insufficient or for cases where the tumor recurs following initial treatment. Various chemotherapy agents can be used, such as temozolomide and carmustine (BCNU).	[71]
Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy	Used in certain cases, such as for patients with high-grade gliomas, to improve outcomes.	[70]
Immunotherapy	Investigated as a potential treatment option for gliomas.	[77]
Targeted therapy	Investigated as a potential treatment option for gliomas.	[56]

Abbreviations: LITT, laser interstitial thermal therapy; FUS, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound.