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. 2023 Dec 30;14(1):53. doi: 10.3390/biom14010053

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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CaT alternans is enhanced in heart failure. CaT traces recorded in AP-clamped atrial myocytes isolated from normal (Control) and HF hearts paced with N-W ((Aa), paced at 1.19 Hz), W-W ((Ba) paced at 1.19 Hz) and N-N ((Ca) paced at 1.56 Hz) pacing protocols. Bottom traces in (a) panels show pacing protocols. Mean ± SEM of ARs observed in control and HF atrial myocytes paced at different frequencies with AP-clamp N-W (Ab), W-W (Bb) N-N (Cb) pacing protocols. Data was collected from cells isolated from 19 control and 7 HF rabbits, number of cells for every data point is shown in parentheses. Statistics calculated using Šidàk’s mixed-effects multigroup comparison test.