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. 2024 Jan 12;16(2):335. doi: 10.3390/cancers16020335

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of action of bispecific antibodies and cellular therapies in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. (A) A representative bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) binding CD3 on T cells and a target receptor on the tumor cell. (B) Tiragolumab (anti-TIGIT) prevents the T-cell inhibitory interaction of CD155 with TIGIT while the bispecific antibody R07247669 binds to LAG-3 on T cells and PD-L1 on cancer cells bringing them into proximity. (C) Bintrafusp alfa binds to PD-L1 and simultaneously sequesters immunoinhibitory TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, fused NHS-IL12 brings the IL-12 receptor on T cells to areas of tumor necrosis. (D) A CAR-T cell engineered to target PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) present on cancer cells. Created with BioRender.