Table 1.

New approaches for primary prevention of breast cancer in clinical trials.

Approach	Intervention	Active Agent	Number of Participants	Results	Reference(s)
Hormonal therapy	Local	Endoxifen gel	90	1.9% Reduction in mammographic density	NCT04616430, Completed [71]
		4-Hydroxytamoxifen transdermal gel	194	52% Decrease in Ki-67 labeling index	NCT03063619, Active [72]
		Fulvestrant	3	N/A	NCT02540330, Terminated
	Systemic	Aromatase inhibitors (Anastrozole)	3864	N/A	NCT00078832, Completed
		Aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole)	55	N/A	NCT00579826 Completed
Chemoprevention		Retinoid (Fenretinide)	20	≤50% Risk reduction	NCT01479192 [58,73] Terminated