Table 4.
The relationship between tea and diabetes in different countries.
| Country | Year | Tea, Method | Sample | Results | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Males (%) | Females (%) | Average Age | |||||
| USA | 1980–2018 | >2 times/day | 15,486 | 26.4 | 73.6 | 61.3 | Substituting sugar-sweetened beverages with tea, coffee, or plain water can lower mortality and reduce cardiovascular disease incidence in adults with T2DM. | [81] |
| Europe | 1992–2007 | 152 ± 282 g/day | 12,333 | 50 | 50 | 56.0 | Switching to tea from sugary drinks reduces the risk of T2DM by 22%. | [82] |
| Iran | 2009 | 4 cups/day (600 mL) | 23 | / | / | 57.0 | It inhibits serum malondialdehyde, reduces C-reactive protein, increases glutathione levels, and protects the cardiovascular system in diabetic patients. | [86] |
| Netherlands | 2012–2013 | 100 mL BT | 16 | 100 | 0 | / | Consuming BT in diabetic patients lowers peripheral vascular resistance in limbs after glucose intake, improves postprandial blood glucose, insulin concentration, and mitigates IR. | [85] |
| Singapore | 1999–2004 | 1 cup/day or more | 36,908 | / | / | 54.8 | Daily consumption of BT (>1 cup/day) reduces diabetes risk by 14%. | [87] |
| Japan | 5 years random access | 6 cups/day or more | 17,413 | 38.6 | 61.4 | 53.0 | GT reduces diabetes prevalence by 33%. | [84] |
| China | 1991–2006 | 5 g/day or more. | 164,681 | 100 | / | 54.0 | GT consumption lowers all-cause mortality and reduces cardiovascular disease risk in healthy adult males compared to non-drinkers. | [88] |