Table 3.
Results for “Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, RED Proportion, and Golden Rectangle”.
| Author | Year | Description | Study Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lombardi [1] | 1973 | Review | Principles in esthetic dentistry can be free from subjectivity and make it possible to reach the perfect result. |
| Levin [2] | 1978 | Review | Golden Proportions are described as a method to predict dental esthetic. |
| Preston [3] | 1993 | In vitro study | Levin Golden Proportion is not found in the sample. Golden Proportion has to be revisited: Maxillary lateral incisor width is 66% of the central incisor, and canine is 84% of the lateral incisor (or 55% of the central incisor). Sample (n): 58 subjects from an American population |
| Snow [4] | 1999 | In vitro study | In the inter-canine distance, maxillary anterior teeth have the following percentages (from canine to central incisor) 10–15–25%. Golden Percentage is useful in diagnosing and developing symmetry. |
| Ward [5] | 2001 | Clinical study: case report | RED Proportion is a tool for smile design based on a constant distal reduction in anterior teeth width. The RED Proportion of 70% is preferred by the author. The higher is the percentage, the more square and shorter are the teeth. |
| Marquardt [6] | 2002 | Review | Interview with the Golden Rectangle author. |
| Sah et al. [33] | 2014 | In vitro study | Maxillary anterior teeth were greater for men than women with a small mean difference (<0.2 mm). The Golden Proportion, or any recurring anterior teeth proportions, was not found for the population. Sample (n): 140 subjects from a Chinese population |
| Akl et al. [34] | 2021 | Systematic review | Mathematical theories are not found in natural smiles. Golden Proportion exists in some cases only between central and lateral incisors or between lateral incisor and canine. Golden Percentage can be adjusted to be a starting point for an esthetic treatment of anterior teeth. |
| Calçada et al. [35] | 2014 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion, Preston’s proportions, and RED proportions are not found in the sample. Golden Percentage values could be adjusted and applicable to the population. Sample (n): 50 subjects from a Portuguese population |
| Londono et al. [36] | 2021 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Golden Proportion is not found in the analyzed articles. It can be used as guidelines, modifying the percentages depending on the case and the patient features. |
| Mahshid et al. [37] | 2004 | In vitro study | Golden proportion does not exist in maxillary anterior teeth of the Iranian population. Sample (n): 157 subjects from an Iranian population |
| Swelem and Al-Rafah [38] | 2019 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the sample. Males show larger teeth than women. There is no side-dependent factor for both genders. Sample (n): 360 subjects from a Saudi population |
| Kalia [39] | 2020 | In vitro study | Golden Proportions, Preston Golden Proportions, Golden Percentage, and RED Proportions are not found in the sample. Modified Golden Percentage values (22.5–15–12.5% from canine to central incisor) are vastly more represented and recommended as guidelines for an esthetic treatment plan. Sample (n): 509 subjects from an English population |
| Rodríguez-López et al. [40] | 2021 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and RED Proportions are not found in the sample. Modified Golden Percentage can be applied as guidelines for esthetic treatment of anterior teeth. Sample (n): 78 subjects from a Spanish population |
| Melo et al. [41] | 2019 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and RED Proportion are not found in the analyzed teeth. Sample (n): 384 subjects from a Spanish population |
| Maharjan and Joshi [42] | 2018 | In vitro study | Golden Percentage with modified values may serve as a guideline for the restoration of anterior tooth. RED proportion is applicable only in the Mongolian female population. Sample (n): 63 subjects from a Nepalese population |
| Aldegheishem et al. [43] | 2019 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the Saudi population. Specific population characteristics and perception of an agreeable smile have to be taken into consideration in an esthetic treatment. Sample (n): 61 subjects from a Saudi population |
| Kantrong et al. [44] | 2019 | In vitro study | An increasing proportion of upper anterior teeth in the sample is found, with lateral-to-central incisor and canine-to-lateral incisor ratios measuring 0.72 and 0.80 on both sides. Sample (n): 140 subjects from a Thai population |
| Mahajan et al. [45] | 2019 | In vitro study | Only Golden Percentage can be used as a starting point for esthetic treatments in the sample population. Sample (n): 200 subjects from an Indian population |
| Özdemir et al. [46] | 2018 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion, RED Proportion, and the 50:40:30 rule are not found in the sample population. Sample (n): 150 subjects from a Turkish population |
| Al-Kaisy and Garib [47] | 2018 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is found only for central and lateral incisors in both populations, in men and women. Ethnicity has to be taken into consideration in the valuation of dental proportions. Sample (n): 100 subjects from a Kurdish and Arab population |
| Sandeep et al. [48] | 2014 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the sample. W/L ratio is 75–80%, and gender does not influence maxillary anterior teeth proportions. Sample (n): 240 subjects from an Indian population |
| Petričević et al. [49] | 2008 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not a suitable method to determine anterior teeth width. Sample (n): 80 subjects from a Croatian population |
| Agrawal et al. [50] | 2016 | In vitro study | Golden and Red Proportions are not found in the population sample. Golden Percentage is not found but average percentages in frontal view can be used to predict mesiodistal width. Sample (n): 80 subjects from an Indian population |
| Ansari et al. [51] | 2015 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the Pakistani population. Sample (n): 500 subjects from a Pakistani population |
| Al-Marzok et al. [52] | 2013 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in Malaysian population. Sample (n): 49 subjects from a Malaysian population |
| Wadud et al. [53] | 2021 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the Thai population. Sample (n): 200 subjects from a Thai population |
| Fayyad et al. [54] | 2006 | In vitro study | Golden and RED Proportions are not found in the population. Golden Percentage values adjusted could be applicable to determine anterior teeth width. Sample (n): 376 subjects from an Arabic population |
| Condon et al. [55] | 2011 | In vitro study | Golden Proportions exist only between lateral and central incisor in the Irish population. Sample (n): 109 subjects from an Irish population |
| Rokaya et al. [56] | 2015 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the Nepalese population. Sample (n): 150 subjects from a Nepalese population |
| Muhammad et al. [57] | 2016 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion is not found in the sample population. Sample (n): 70 subjects from a Pakistani population |
| Forster et al. [58] | 2013 | In vitro study | Golden Proportion does not exist in the Hungarian population. Sample (n): 109 subjects from a Hungarian population |
| Ahmed et al. [59] | 2021 | Systematic review | Golden Percentage is not found in the population analyzed, so it cannot be used as a guideline for anterior teeth restoration. |
| Ahmed et al. [60] | 2021 | In vitro study | Golden Percentage values are not found in the population sample, and there is no correlation with gender. Golden Percentage cannot be used as a guideline for anterior teeth restoration. Sample (n): 190 subjects from a Pakistani population |
| Shetty et al. [61] | 2011 | In vitro study | RED Proportion is not found in the sample. Sample (n): 90 subjects from an Indian population |
| Liao et al. [62] | 2019 | Systematic review | RED proportions (70%) with alar distance can be used as an accurate method for predicting the combined width of central incisors. Other correlations between facial parameters and dental proportions are not found. |
| Ahmed et al. [63] | 2022 | In vitro study | Maxillary anterior teeth width can be obtained by modifying the inner inter-canthal distance with Golden Percentage and interpupillary distance with Golden Proportion. Sample (n): 230 subjects from a Pakistani population |
| Chaudhari et al. [64] | 2014 | In vitro study | Golden Rectangle concept is found with low variations from 1.618, both in men and women, so it can be applied in obtaining esthetically pleasing central incisors. Sample (n): 200 subjects from an Indian population |
| Singh et al. [65] | 2011 | In vitro study | Golden Rectangle concept is present in 80% of subjects within a 2 standard deviation, and no gender influence is observed. Sample (n): 70 subjects from an Indian population |
| Varghese [66] | 2021 | In vitro study | Golden Rectangle concept is found with a 1.59 ratio in men and a 1.6 ratio in women, so it can be used in determining central incisor dimensions. Sample (n): 150 subjects from an Indian population |