Table 2.
The General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ) and Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition Literacy on Adults (EINLA) scores (± SD).
| A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | Total | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male | 6.3 ± 1.9 | 43.9 ± 10.4 | 7.1 ± 2.4 | 23.1 ± 5.8 | 80.5 ± 17.1 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 29.0 ± 3.6 |
| Female | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 47.6 ± 9.9 | 7.8 ± 2.4 | 24.1 ± 5.9 | 86.3 ± 17.0 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 30.0 ± 3.2 |
| p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.119 | 0.001 | 0.033 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Single | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 47.1 ± 10.3 | 7.6 ± 2.6 | 24.2 ± 5.9 | 85.6 ± 17.7 | 8.7 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 29.9 ± 3.3 |
| Married | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 43.8 ± 9.8 | 7.3 ± 2.1 | 22.8 ± 5.8 | 80.3 ± 15.8 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 28.8 ± 3.5 |
| p value | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.033 | 0.001 | 0.462 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Education level | |||||||||||
| Primary school graduate | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 40.5 ± 9.3 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 20.5 ± 6.4 | 73.7 ± 15.3 | 7.9 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 26.9 ± 3.7a |
| Middle/high school graduate | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 45.1 ± 10.4 | 7.3 ± 2.4 | 23.1 ± 5.9 | 82.0 ± 17.3 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 29.2 ± 3.5 |
| University graduate/postgraduate | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 47.4 ± 10.0 | 7.8 ± 2.4 | 24.6 ± 5.6 | 86.4 ± 16.9 | 8.9 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 4.7± 1.4 | 30.1 ± 3.1 |
| p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.682 | 0.015 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Employment status | |||||||||||
| Employee | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 44.0 ± 10.4 | 7.3 ± 2.3 | 23.4 ± 5.9 | 81.1 ± 16.7 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 29.1 ± 3.5 |
| Unemployed | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 47.1 ± 10.1 | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 23.9 ± 5.9 | 85.3 ± 17.4 | 8.7 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 29.8 ± 3.3 |
| p value | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.075 | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.049 | 0.220 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Working status | |||||||||||
| Officer | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 44.9 ± 9.5 | 7.4 ± 2.2 | 24.0 ± 5.1 | 82.8 ± 15.0 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 29.7 ± 3.1 |
| Worker | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 43.5 ± 11.2 | 7.2 ± 2.4 | 22.0 ± 6.7 | 79.1 ± 18.3 | 8.2 ± 1.7 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 28.5 ± 3.7 |
| Self-employed | 6.6 ± 1.9 | 43.6 ± 10.4 | 7.4 ± 2.2 | 23.6 ± 5.6 | 81.2 ± 17.2 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 28.9 ± 4.0 |
| Retired/housewife | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 43.6 ± 9.0 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | 22.1 ± 5.6 | 79.1 ± 14.7 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1.6 | 28.0 ± 3.6 |
| Student | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 47.8 ± 10.2 | 7.7 ± 2.6 | 24.3 ± 5.9 | 86.5 ± 17.6 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 30.1 ± 3.1 |
| p value | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Skipping main meal | |||||||||||
| Yes | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 44.6 ± 10.4 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 23.3 ± 5.8 | 81.5 ± 17.2 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 9.3 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 29.1 ± 3.4 |
| No | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 46.9 ± 10.1 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 24.0 ± 6.0 | 85.3 ± 17.2 | 8.7 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 29.8 ± 3.4 |
| p value | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.033 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 0.007 | 0.194 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
| <18.5 | 6.3 ± 2.2 | 46.7 ± 10.6 | 7.2 ± 2.7 | 23.3 ± 5.8 | 83.4 ± 18.8 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 29.8 ± 3.1 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 47.1 ± 10.4 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 24.2 ± 5.9 | 85.7 ± 17.5 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 30.0 ± 3.3 |
| 25–29.9 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 44.3 ± 9.9 | 7.2 ± 2.3 | 23.0 ± 5.8 | 80.8 ± 16.4 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 28.8 ± 3.4 |
| ≥30 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 43.6 ± 9.5 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 22.9 ± 6.2 | 80.0 ± 15.4 | 8.3 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 28.4 ± 3.5 |
| p value | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.494 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Nutrition education | |||||||||||
| Yes | 7.8 ± 1.8 | 53.0 ± 8.6 | 9.0 ± 2.1 | 26.8 ± 4.8 | 96.5 ± 14.3 | 9.2 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 31.5 ± 2.7 |
| No | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 44.0 ± 9.9 | 7.1 ± 2.3 | 22.8 ± 5.9 | 80.2 ± 16.3 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 9.3 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 29.0 ± 3.4 |
| p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Nutrition education resource | |||||||||||
| School | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 54.1 ± 7.9 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 27.3 ± 4.2 | 98.4 ± 13.2 | 9.3 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 31.7 ± 2.5 |
| Course/seminar | 7.3 ± 2.2 | 45.6 ± 9.2 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 23.3 ± 6.8 | 84.4 ± 15.7 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 30.0 ± 3.7 |
| p value | 0.091 | <0.001 | 0.024 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.310 | 0.455 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
GNKQ, A1–A4; A1: Dietary guideline recommendations, A2: Sources of nutrients, A3: Everyday food choices, A4: Diet–disease relationship. EINLA, B1–B5; B1: General nutrition knowledge, B2: Reading comprehension, B3: Food groups, B4: Portion quantities, B5: Numerical literacy and food label reading.