Table 3.
Cold exposures in relation to dysmenorrhea overall and by different geographical locations.
| White | Asian | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p for Race | Overall | California | Other States * | p for State | Overall | California | Other States | p for State | |
| Interaction | Beta (p-Value) | Beta (p-Value) | Beta (p-Value) | Interaction | Beta (p-Value) | Beta (p-Value) | Beta (p-Value) | Interaction | |
| Drink cold water or drinks in winter ** | |||||||||
| (Cold water >5 times/d or cold drink >4 times/d) | |||||||||
| No | Ref | ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.07 | 0.48 (0.05) | −0.001(1.2) | 0.96 (0.03) | 0.03 | 0.14(0.40) | 0.37 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.9) | 0.85 |
| Frequency of ice cream consumption in winter | |||||||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 1-3 times/month | 0.12 (0.60) | 0.10 (0.70) | 0.33 (0.51) | 0.10 (0.60) | −0.23 (0.39) | 0.39 (0.28) | |||
| 1 time/week | −0.08 (0.74) | 0.06 (0.92) | −0.18(0.64) | 0.39 (0.20) | 0.46 (0.27) | 0.40 (0.40) | |||
| more than 3 times/week | 0.03 | −0.40 (0.36) | −0.70 (0.18) | −0.65 (0.44) | 0.33 | 1.23 (0.001) | 1.34 (0.07) | 2.5 (0.01) | 0.07 |
| Home room temperature in winter in the past 12 months | |||||||||
| <65 °F or 18 °C | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 65–69 °F or 18–20 °C | −0.86 (0.05) | −0.81 (0.14) | −0.64 (0.02) | 0.41 (0.24) | 0.34 (0.39) | 0.88 (0.26) | |||
| 70–74 °F or 21–23 °C | −0.94 (0.02) | −0.50 (0.04) | −1.67 (0.02) | 0.55 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.88) | 1.05 (0.16) | |||
| ≥70–74 °F or 21–23 °C | 0.06 | −1.00 (0.05) | −0.45 (0.08) | −1.56 (0.04) | 0.09 | 0.66 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.55) | 1.10 (0.21) | 0.87 |
* Other states include southern states (e.g., Alabama, Arkansas, Washington D.C., Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland), Midwestern states (e.g., Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio), Northeastern states (e.g., Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania) ** ‘Cold water or drinks’ refers to the water or beverages that are close to 4 °C (iced) or that have just been taken out of the refrigerators before consumption. Covariates include age, body mass index, physical activity smoking status and pack-years for past and never smokers, use of oral contraceptives, and use of anti-inflammatory pain reliever. Bolded results are usually marginally (p ≤ 0.10) and statistically significant (p < 0.05).