Table 4.

Cold exposures in relation to dysmenorrhea by status of cold hands and cold feet.

	Status of Cold Hands and Cold Feet
	Never or Rarely	Sometimes, Often, or Always	p-Value for Interaction
	Beta (p-Value)	Beta (p-Value)
Frequency of ice cream consumption * in winter among Asians	0.11 (0.48)	0.21 (0.03)	0.02
Whites who drank cold water/drinks more frequently vs. those who drank them less often ** during winter	−0.30 (0.43)	0.72 (0.01)	0.008
Degree of home room temperature * in winter in the past 12 months among Whites	−0.09 (0.58)	−0.16 (0.28)	0.81

* Indicates that the exposure variables were entered as ordinal variables. ** We compared two groups of Whites (those who drink cold water more than 5 times/day or more than 4 times/day vs. those who did not). ‘Cold water or drinks’ refers to the water or beverages that are close to 4 °C (iced) or that have just been taken out of the refrigerators before consumption. Covariates include age, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, and pack-years for past and never smokers, use of oral contraceptives, and use of anti-inflammatory pain reliever. Bolded results are usually marginally (p ≤ 0.10) and statistically significant (p < 0.05).