Table 5.
Significant associations that are contrary to our hypotheses—disparities in types of cold exposures with dysmenorrhea between Whites and Asians.
| White | Asian | p for Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beta (p-Value) | Beta (p-Value) | ||
| Drinking cold water/drinks * during menstrual period | |||
| Never | Ref | Ref | |
| Rarely | 0.19 (0.22) | −0.29 (0.23) | |
| Sometimes | 0.11 (0.09) | −0.41 (0.10) | |
| Often | 0.33 (0.32) | −0.50 (0.08) | |
| Always | −0.33 (0.30) | −0.63 (0.05) | 0.21 |
| Wearing more clothes than others | |||
| Never | Ref | Ref | |
| Rarely | 0.26 (0.40) | −0.15 (0.6) | |
| Sometimes | 0.95 (0.004) | −0.18 (0.51) | |
| Often | 0.28 (0.41) | 0.03 (0.93) | |
| Always | 1.09 (0.02) | 0.35 (0.43) | 0.1 |
| Wearing thermal pants during cold months | |||
| Never | Ref | Ref | |
| Rarely | 0.18 (0.59) | 0.39 (0.09) | |
| Sometimes | −0.20 (0.48) | 0.12 (0.67) | |
| Often | 0.20 (0.60) | 0.98 (0.001) | |
| Always | 0.81 (0.12) | 0.99 (0.01) | 0.06 |
* ‘Cold water or drinks’ refers to the water or beverages that are close to 4 °C (iced) or that have just been taken out of the refrigerators before consumption. Covariates include age, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, and pack-years for past and never smokers, use of contraceptives, and use of anti-inflammatory pain reliever. Bolded results are usually marginally (p ≤ 0.10) and statistically significant (p < 0.05).