Table 1.

General back of the commonly approved anti-COVID-19 drugs.

Drug	Application	Route of Administration	Target	MOA vs. SARS-CoV-2	References
Convalescent plasma	-	Intravenous	S Protein	Binds to the S protein, which prevents viral attachment.	[47,53]
Monoclonal antibodies	-	Intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular	S protein	Binds to the S protein, which prevents viral attachment.	[46,48,49,50,51,52]
Camostat	Chronic pancreatitis	Oral	TMPRSS2	A protease inhibitor that prevents SARS-CoV-2 lung cell infection by inhibiting the virus-activating host cell protease TMPRSS2.	[60]
Hydroxychloroquine	Malarial infections	Oral	Multiple	Different mechanisms of action have been proposed involving endocytic pathway interference, sialic acid receptor blockage, restriction of pH-mediated spike (S) protein cleavage at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding site, and cytokine storm prevention	[61,62,63,64,65]
Rupintrivir	Human rhinoviral (HRV) infections	Nasal	Mpro	Inhibitors of Viral Main protease (Mpro).	[67,68,69]
Lopinavir/ritonavir	HIV infections	Oral	Mpro	Inhibitors of Viral Main protease (Mpro).	[70,71]
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir	-	Oral	Mpro	Inhibitors of Viral Main protease (Mpro).	[71,72]
6-Thioguanine	Leukaemia	Oral	PLpro	Inhibitors of viral papain-like protease (PLpro).	[73,75]
Simeprevir, vaniprevir, paritaprevir, and grazoprevir	Chronic HCV infection	Oral	PLpro	Inhibitors of viral papain-like protease (PLpro).	[76]
Remdesivir	Ebola virus	Intravenous	Rdrp	Inhibitors of RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (Rdrp)	[78,79,80]
Molnupiravir	Influenza	Oral	viral RNA	Disrupts the replication process because the viral RNA is copied incorrectly	[81,82,83,85,86,87]