Table 2.

Measures and measure descriptions.

Measure ID	Pillar ID	Measure Name	Measure Description
1	1	Gut Microbiome and Dietary Impact	The last decade has brought us a greater understanding of the impact of our ‘diet’ on intestinal ‘microbiota’ (gut bacteria), and how changes in the ‘microbiota’ are associated with our health (cancer promotion and prevention).
2	1	Metabolic Health and Physical Activity Influence	Studies have shown that lifestyle behaviors may impact metabolism and cancer risk.
3	1	Prolonged Inflammatory Responses	Studies have shown that inflammation that becomes chronic or lasts for too long is often associated with the development and progression of cancer.
4	1	Environmental Carcinogenic Factors	Studies have shown that some environmental factors, called also carcinogens, increase the risk of developing cancer.
5	2	Cancer Risk Reduction Strategies	By the use of chemo treatments, vaccines such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (the immune system), and preventive drugs for certain cancer types.
6	2	Genetic and Epigenetic Cancer Influences	Studies have shown that cancers develop due to the accumulation of genetic (changes in the DNA sequence, some of which may be inherited) and epigenetic (changes not affecting the DNA sequence but its activity, that are noninherited) alterations.
7	2	Pre-Tumor Progression Phases	The development of cancer is a multistep process in which normal cells gradually become malignant through the progressive accumulation of molecular alterations.
8	2	Initial Cancer Development Phases	Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and cooperate with other cells in their local environment, while fostering tumor progression.
9	2	Hematological Biomarkers for Early Detection	Specific blood tests are designed to identify tumor (bio)markers that may be found in the blood when some cancers are present before showing symptoms or being detected through conventional imaging approaches.
10	2	Advanced Early Cancer Diagnostic Technologies	Numerous cancer-associated deaths occur from cancers for which we do not screen. To overcome this, new scalable and cost-effective technologies are developed to allow for the detection and diagnosis of cancers at an earlier stage when these are more responsive to treatments.
11	2	Tailored Cancer Risk Management and Early Screening	Everybody does not have the same risk of developing a cancer. Careful analysis of individual risk factors to adapt prevention and systematic screening to the risk level would increase the rate of early diagnosis.
12	2	Hematological Assays for Treatment Responsiveness and Resistance	In the past two decades, specific tests have been developed to customize the treatment plan for a cancer patient according to the sensitivity and resistance patterns that can be monitored by analyzing the patient’s blood.
13	3	Cancer Cell Biology and Immune Microenvironment	Studies have shown that not all cancer cells are created equal, and they have the capacity to remodel the cells around them. There are intrinsic differences in the proliferative and invasive capacity of cancer cells within the same patient. Immune cells in their environment also acquire specific properties.
14	3	Innovative Anti-Cancer Therapies and Drug Delivery Methods	The development of more specific anticancer drugs, new types of biological and immune-mediated therapies, novel combinations of therapies with diverse mechanisms of action, and advanced drug delivery systems to target cancer cells more specifically have the potential to improve cancer treatment for patients and reduce long-term effects.
15	3	Hereditary Factors and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Pediatric Oncology	The contribution of nongenetic factors and the influence of the tissue environment remain poorly understood.
16	3	Oncogenesis and Growth Phases	The causes of the molecular changes during development that lead to cancer in children are mostly unknown.
17	3	Therapeutic Approaches for Pediatric Cancers	What is effective for an adult with cancer might not work for a pediatric cancer patient. Therefore, specific strategies to treat pediatric and adolescent cancer patients are needed.
18	3	Immunological Aspects in Pediatric Cancer	The immune system of children and adolescents is different from that of an adult. The efficiency of immunotherapy might vary depending on the age of the patient, and this needs to be better understood.
19	3	Maternal Factors and Pediatric Cancer Association	Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between maternal risk factors or exposure to carcinogens during pregnancy and pediatric cancer incidence. However, the precise factors and mechanisms involved remain unexplored.
20	4	Aging Factors and Cancer Susceptibility	The incidence of most cancers increases with age as, for most adults, age is associated with chronic conditions, decreased efficacy of the immune system, cumulative exposure to risk factors (carcinogens), and tissue aging with cell senescence. These events are causally associated with cancer.
21	4	Cellular Senescence in Cancer Biology	Aging is a complex phenomenon caused by the time-dependent loss of physiological organism functions, including those that protect from cancer development.
22	4	Aging and Carcinogenesis Relationship	Studies have shown that mechanisms of ageing are also found to occur in carcinogenesis. There is a need to better understand what aging and cancer development have in common and where the two processes diverge.
23	4	Aging Impact on Cancer Treatments	Various studies support the hypothesis that cancer and/or cancer treatment is associated with accelerated biological aging. These factors are key determinants of survivorship along with the long-term impact of cancer therapy on the biological aging of an individual.
24	5	Personal Adverse Events and Concurrent Medical Conditions in Cancer	In older patients affected by cancer, it is key to consider not only the characteristics of the tumor but to also pursue an integral geriatric assessment to systematically investigate factors that determine the patients’ well-being. In this context, research suggests that we may be able to measure a biological age, which will be more precise than civil age to guide therapeutic choices when treating cancer.
25	5	Treatment-Related Secondary Neoplasms	Although it happens infrequently, patients may develop a secondary cancer as a result of the treatment received to treat the primary cancer.
26	5	Persistent Immunological Consequences of Treatment	The effects of some cancer treatments can compromise properties of the immune system, rendering patients vulnerable to viral and bacterial infections or causing autoimmune conditions.
27	5	Reproductive Health Impact due to Cancer and Treatment	Cancer and its treatment can adversely impact reproductive function in both women and men. The effects of cancer treatment may lead to transient or permanent loss of fertility, sexual desire, and sexual function.
28	5	Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Hormonal Health Impact due to Treatment	Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the chest can cause problems in the heart and lungs leading to potential cardiovascular and respiratory conditions that may be temporary or long-lasting.
29	5	Neurological Consequences of Cancer Treatments	Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause long-term side effects on the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, sometimes enhancing pain sensitivity.
30	5	Holistic Care for Cancer Survivors	For cancer survivors who are no longer in active treatment, their care needs include surveillance for recurrence, screening for the development of subsequent primary cancers, monitoring and intervention for the long-term and late physical and psychological effects of cancer and its treatment, and management of comorbid medical conditions, as well as routine preventive and primary care.
31	6	Data Generation in Oncological Research	The development of data that may guide more precise therapeutic choices and generate more efficacy in treating cancer patients.
32	6	Data Utilization for Informed Oncological Decision-making	Data whose analysis can inform precise disease diagnosis, their heterogeneity, the existence of constitutive predisposing factors, and the ability of the patient to support and favorably respond to a given therapy.
33	6	Data Collection and Analysis in Oncology	With the tools of data sciences, researchers can collect and analyze data to identify common mechanisms in a large series of patients with similar diseases. With data sciences, the higher the number of patients analyzed, the more precise the analysis.
34	6	Data Quality Assurance in Oncological Studies	The efficacy of data sciences requires data standardization and interoperability to be reused by multiple teams asking complementary questions.
35	6	Regulated Sharing of Patient Data for Oncology Research	Patient data sharing requires strict regulation to protect privacy (anonymization). While such regulation is mandatory, it must also be organized in a manner that favors rather than prevents patient data sharing at the European level to support cancer research.