Table 2.

Data extraction results.

Author	Year	Participant Subject	Intervention	Population Type	Type of Technology	Purpose of Telehealth	Type of Study	Number Primary Healthcare	Country	Tool of Hardware/Software	Outcome
Barsky et al. [47]	2019	Canadian Aboriginal and Tanzanian communities	SMS-text-messaging-based system for blood pressure measurement and hypertension management	rural	Mobile health (SMS text messaging)	Monitoring blood pressure	mixed methods	n/a	Canada and East Africa	wireless, Bluetooth	Difference in blood pressure reduction for active hypertension management messages or passive health behavior messages Quantitative data on blood pressure reading transmissions Qualitative data collected on the operational aspects of the system from healthcare providers, participants, and community leadership
Naqvi et al. [48]	2022	Acute stroke patients with hypertension	TASC (Telehealth After Stroke Care)	Urban	home blood pressure telemonitoring	Monitoring blood pressure	Pilot randomized trial	n/a	Northern Manhattan	Tablet and monitor	Adherence to video visits Retention Home systolic BP Systolic BP control
Vedanthan et al. [49]	2015	nurses	Tablet-based Decision Support and Integrated Record keeping (DESIRE) tool	rural	Mobile health (mHealth)	management of hypertension	investigative study	n/a	Rural Western Kenya	tablet	Usability of the DESIRE tool in the setting of nurse management of hypertension in Rural Western Kenya Identification of critical incidents Suggested design changes
Dos Santos et al. [50]	2013	professionals and hypertensive patients	Education program	rural	Web conference	Increase the adherence to the treatment of hypertension.	before–after study	2	Brazil	n/a	Adherence to antihypertensive drugs Adherence to low-salt diet Adherence to physical activity
Buis et al. [51]	2020	people with hypertension, medical assistants, physicians, a nurse, and the current and former director of the Family Medicine clinic	BPTrack	urban and rural	Mobile health (mHealth)	Home blood pressure monitoring	pre-post pilot study	1	USA	mobile applications	Change in blood pressure (primary outcome) Change in medication adherence (secondary outcome)
Koopman et al. [52]	2014	patients, nurses, and physicians	Home blood pressure telemonitoring	n/a	Electronic medical record and home blood pressure telemonitoring	blood pressure monitoring	qualitative study	6	South America	USB computer connection, dedicated telemonitoring device with an analog phone line	Blood glucose levels Blood pressure levels
Parker et al. [53]	2018	hypertension patients	text based telemonitoring system	n/a	Home blood pressure telemonitoring	blood pressure monitoring	prospective cohort study	37	South-East Scotland	automatic-transmission system	Occurrences of systolic and diastolic blood pressure Preference for systolic 134 and diastolic 84 (the threshold for alerts was 135/85)
Fisher et al. [54]	2019	hypertension patients	A home-based BP control program	n/a	telemonitoring	blood pressure monitoring	prospective cohort implementation	n/a	USA	home monitors	Blood pressure control rates
Ma et al. [55]	2022	Chinese hypertensive patients	Smartphone-enhanced nurse-facilitated self-care intervention	urban	mobile health	hypertension management	Randomized controlled trial with a repeated-measures design	2	China	smartphone	Body weight Body mass index Diastolic blood pressure Waist circumference Self-care behavior Self-care motivation Self-care self-efficacy Systolic blood pressure
Levine et al. [56]	2018	primary care patients with hypertension	virtual visits	n/a	asynchronous online	hypertension management	propensity-score-matched, retrospective cohort study with adjustment by difference in differences	n/a	USA	n/a	Adjusted difference in mean systolic blood pressure Emergency department visits Specialist office visits Primary care office visits Inpatient admissions
Ashjian et al. [57]	2019	hypertensive patients	an interactive voice response (IVR)	n/a	Electronic health record	home blood pressure monitoring	observational study	14	USA	Aspect Patient Engagement Solution and Microsoft Dynamics 365 platforms	IVR call completion rates Number of hypertensive patients enrolled
De Luca et al. [58]	2021	patients diagnosed with hypertension and professionals	integrated management hypertension	n/a	digitally enabled integrated approach (HER), smartphone, computer	hypertension management	user-centered approach	n/a	Europe	n/a	Functional requirements Use cases
Chen et al. [59]	2023	individual	online health management	urban	internet based	hypertension management	longitudinal study	n/a	China	n/a	Amount of exercise Diastolic blood pressure High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Smoking cessation rate Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Systolic blood pressure
Jindal et al. [60]	2018	people with hypertension and diabetes along with comorbid conditions	Smartphone application (mWellcare)	rural	mobile health	integrated management of hypertension	n/a	5	India	tablet-computer-based application	Acceptability Feasibility
Doocy et al. [61]	2017	people aged 40 years or older with hypertension	Mobile health app	urban	mobile health	improve adherence to guidelines and quality of care	a longitudinal cohort study	10	Lebanon	tablets	Adherence to medication Recording of Blood Pressure (BP) readings Recording of blood sugar measurements Recording of Body Mass Index (BMI) reporting Proportion of patients for whom blood sugar, BP, weight, height, and BMI were recorded using the tablet compared with in-paper records Proportion of providers offering lifestyle counseling Provider inquiry of medical history Patient report of provider inquiry regarding medication complications
Leon et al. [62]	2015	female and male participants in South Africa aged 36 to 78 years old	SMS texts	n/a	mobile health	improve adherence to clinic visits and treatment	an individually randomized controlled trial	1	South Africa	Mobile phone	Blood pressure control
Buis et al. [63]	2017	African American patients with uncontrolled hypertension	automated text message	urban	mobile health	improve medication adherence among African Americans with uncontrolled HTN	unblinded randomized controlled pilot trials	2	USA	n/a	Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Medication adherence Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Medication adherence self-efficacy Participant satisfaction
Cottrell et al. [17]	2015	patients and clinicians in a national primary care population in England	Text messaging (‘Florence’)	n/a	mobile health	for diagnosis and management hypertension	evaluation study	n/a	UK	Mobile phone	Ascertainment of a diagnosis of hypertension Achievement of hypertension control
Ju et al. [64]	2022	Patients aged ≥19 years were diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome	mobile self-management healthcare app	n/a	Mobile health	management of chronic conditions	pilot multicenter real world study	17	Republic of Korea	mobile app	Anxiety Body weight Sleep quality Sleep duration Quality of life Depression Stress BMI Waist circumference Blood sugar levels Blood pressure Blood lipid levels
Nurakysh et al. [65]	2022	patients with diagnosed arterial hypertension	Mobile application “MyTherapy”	n/a	mobile health	evaluation of the degree of adherence of patients determined to have hypertension to treatment	a multicenter randomized controlled study	1	Kazakhstan	mobile phone app	Adherence to antihypertensive treatment
Manusov et al. [66]	2019	people with chronic illness, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and depression	UniMóvil, a mobile health clinic	rural	mobile health	improve poor healthcare access delivery	a retrospective review of the cohort	1	USA	n/a	Obesity Diabetes Hypertension Hypertriglyceridemia Low High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL C) Levels Depression Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Domains
Lee et al. [67]	2022	people aged 18 to 75 years, predominantly female, within the University of Pennsylvania Health Systems	remote blood pressure monitoring	urban	Electronic health record	remote blood pressure monitoring	cohort study	n/a	USA	n/a	Number of EHR alerts for persistently elevated BP home readings Number of alerts that clinicians acted on Percentage of alerts that clinicians acted on Type of management used by clinicians (remote or office based) Number of alerts that did not result in changes to the care plan Reasons for not changing the care plan
Marcolinoet al. [68]	2021	people in Brazil, 71% of which were female, consisting of physicians and nurses	teleconsultation	urban and rural	Asynchronous	hypertension management	mixed methods	34	Brazil	Web-based	Perceived feasibility Usability Utility Satisfaction
Peters et al. [69]	2017	hypertensive patients aged above 18 years	phone call and short-message-service text messaging	n/a	mobile health	blood pressure control	quality improvement study	1	USA	Mobile phone	Mean Systolic Blood Pressures (SBPS) Mean Diastolic Blood Pressures (DBPS)
Debon et al. [70]	2020	female humans in Brazil with arterial hypertension who were workers or retirees	use of a mobile health app	n/a	mobile health	monitoring patients with arterial hypertension (AH)	a non-randomized, controlled, non-blind trial	n/a	Brazil	smartphone	Systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure Food Frequency Questionnaire Appraisal Of Self Care Agency Scale Hemogram Creatinine Uric Acid Sodium Potassium Lipid Profile Glycemia
Davoudi et al. [71]	2020	adults with poorly controlled hypertension	an automated text messaging	n/a	mobile health	hypertension management	secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial	1	USA	n/a	Unique phenotypes of patient interactions with an automated text messaging platform for BP monitoring Association between interaction phenotypes and achieving the target BP
McManuset al. [72]	2021	people with treated but poorly controlled hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) and access to the internet	Home and Online Management	n/a	Home blood pressure telemonitoring	hypertension management	randomized controlled trial	76	UK	Omron	Difference in systolic blood pressure (Mean of 2nd and 1/3 readings) after 1 year Difference in diastolic blood pressure after 1 year
Chew et al. [73]	2023	patients and clinical staff	a remote blood pressure monitoring program	urban	Home blood pressure telemonitoring	blood pressure monitoring	a secondary qualitative study	n/a	Singapura	a Bluetooth-enabled device	A better patient–provider partnership based on the mutually trusted data Patients felt reassured Patients trusted the telehealth program Staff felt that the data were trustworthy Patients’ distrust of technology Clinicians’ concerns about the limitations of technologically mediated interactions Uncertainty experiences
Anderssonet al. [74]	2021	patients and 15 professionals	interactive web-based system	Urban and rural	mobile health	strengthening patients’ potential for self-management	qualitative substudy of a randomized controlled trial	n/a	Sweden	Mobile phone	Partnership between patients and healthcare professionals Documentation of BP treatment Roles of patients and professionals in hypertension management Knowledge of BP values and their relation to daily activities and treatment Patients’ understanding of hypertension Communication regarding BP and lifestyle
Kassavou et al. [75]	2019	healthcare providers, commissioners, and patients with either hypertension or both hypertension and type 2 diabetes	highly tailored text and voice message	n/a	mobile health	to increase adherence to medication in primary care	descriptive and interventional study	n/a	UK—England	Mobile phone	Adherence to medication Intervention engagement Fidelity of intervention content Awareness about the necessity to take and maintain adherence to medication Reinforced social support and habit formation Reminded patients to take medication as prescribed
Cottrell et al. [76]	2015	patients and professional users in England with hypertension, CKD, and diabetes	text messages	n/a	mobile health	support self-management and education using technology with which patients are already familiar	evaluation study	425	UK	Mobile phone	Agreement with the adapted friends and family statement Professional and patient user satisfaction with the aim for health program Patient activity using florence Minimum target days of texting for hypertension protocols Patient responses to evaluative texts Professional user satisfaction with the program
Abdullah et al. [77]	2016	patients with hypertension and comorbidities	a blood pressure telemonitoring service	urban	home BP telemonitoring	blood pressure monitoring	a qualitative study design	n/a	Malaysia	MediHome Digital Blood Pressure and Pulse Oximeter 2-in-1 Monitor	Patients’ acceptance of a BP telemonitoring service delivered in primary care Patients’ views and experiences of the BP telemonitoring service Patients’ struggles with the perceived usefulness of the BP telemonitoring service Patients’ confusion in making sense of the monitored home BP readings Patients’ feedback on the BP telemonitoring functionalities to improve interactions Patients’ thoughts about the implications of the monitored home BP readings for their hypertension management and overall health
Nau et al. [78]	2021	patients aged 40–70 years	videos, web-based education, and text message	urban	mobile health	To support patients with improving lifestyle behaviors for high blood pressure	pilot study	n/a	Australia	Mobile phone	Intervention feasibility and acceptability Patient ratings of content and behavior changes Changes in behaviors
Ye et al. [79]	2022	patients with hypertension aged between 18 and 85 years	video and telephone	urban	telemedicine visit	controlling high blood pressure	retrospective cohort study	n/a	South America	n/a	Failure to meet the controlling-high-blood-pressure quality measure Poor BP control
Calderón et al. [80]	2023	patient with hypertension	SMS-based home BP telemonitoring system	urban	home bp telemonitoring	helps improve adherence to treatment, also improving disease awareness	randomized controlled trial	1	Peru	omron	Change in systolic BP values Change in diastolic BP values
Sin et al. [81]	2020	People aged 21–70 years old in Singapore with Type 2 DM and/or hypertension	Telemonitoring	urban	telemonitoring	diabetes and hypertension management	cross-sectional survey	2	Singapura	n/a	Willingness of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2Dm) and/or hypertension towards the utilization of telemonitoring
Cimini et al. [82]	2022	primary care physicians, one nurse, one pharmacist, and one community health worker	a digital solution with a decision support system (DSS) for community health workers (CHWs)	n/a	telemedicine with video consultations	To address and identify at risk patients with uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes mellitus (DM)	multimethodological	34	Brazil	video consultation	Frequency of consultations Control of hypertension Control of diabetes mellitus Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Glycohemoglobin levels
Shaw et al. [83]	2013	US stakeholders including physicians, nurses, non-physician providers, administrators, and an IT professional with hypertension	nurse-delivered self-management phone	urban and rural	telephone counselling	initiating and maintaining specific health behaviors related to hypertension	mixed methods approach	3	USA	n/a	Level of organizational readiness to implement the intervention Specific barriers, facilitators, and contextual factors that may affect organizational readiness to change Organizational barriers and facilitators of successful implementation
Grant et al. [84]	2019	people in the West Midlands, UK with hypertension, including patients, healthcare professionals, and patient caregivers	Text message	urban and rural	mobile health	blood pressure monitoring	randomized controlled trial	n/a	UK	mobile platform	Acceptability of self- and telemonitoring to patients and HCPS Communication Managing data Integrating self-monitoring into hypertension management (structured care)
Saleh et al. [85]	2018	Lebanese hypertensive	Short message service (SMS)	rural	mobile health	enhance access among underserved rural and refugee populations to health services specific to hypertension and/or diabetes.	mixed methods	n/a	Lebanon	Mobile phone	Perceived usefulness of SMSs Perceived ease of reading and understanding SMSs Compliance with SMSs through daily behavioral modifications Receiving and not reading SMSs Behavior change across settings
Vitório et al. [86]	2019	hypertensive patients	TeleHAS (tele-hipertensão arterial sistêmica, or arterial hypertension system)	urban	computerized clinical decision support system (CDSS)	hypertension management	Mixed methods	88	Brazil	n/a	Feasibility Usability Utility
Teo et al. [87]	2021	middle-aged people in Asia with hypertension	Home blood pressure monitoring	urban	Home blood pressure monitoring, teleconsultation	hypertension management	a mixed-methods field study	n/a	Singapura	Bluetooth	Blood pressure control Cost-effectiveness Patient satisfaction