Figure 1.

Mean mortality comparison of N-ATSB and ATSB pyrethroid applications against An. gambiae: (a) lambda-cyhalothrin, (b) cypermethrin, (c) deltamethrin, (d) bifenthrin. The graphs’ bars represent the mean values of three replicates, and lowercase letters denote significant differences between treatments at p < 0.05. T₁ included ASB (100%), T₂ featured a 0.5% insecticide concentration + 99.50% ATSB, T₃ utilized a 1% insecticide concentration + 99% ATSB, T₄ employed a 0.5% nano-formulated insecticide concentration + 99.50% ATSB, and T₅ applied a 1% nano-formulated insecticide concentration + 99% ATSB.