Figure 1.

(A) Illustration of potential outcomes following exposure to the HBV virus. Individuals may spontaneously clear the virus, though cccDNA persists in host hepatocytes (HBsAg−, anti-HBc+) (a) or may develop chronic HBV infection (HBsAg+) (b). (B) Potential outcomes of HBV reactivation with immunosuppression, which may include seroconversion and viral replication in HBsAg− individuals (c), increased viral replication and hepatitis (d), or progression to acute liver failure (e). Adapted from [9].