Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2024 Jan 12;11(1):22. doi: 10.3390/jcdd11010022

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Three-dimensionally printed patient-specific models based on echocardiographic images. (A–F) From 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) image to 3D physical model. (A,D) Segmentation of left atrial appendage (LAA) (shaded area) based on 3D TEE data. Measurements regarding the major and minor ostial diameters and depth of the LAA were taken. (B,E) Creation of a digital object. (C,F) Three-dimensional printed physical model made of tissue-mimicking material. Arrows denote pulmonary vein ridge; stars denote appendicular trabeculations. (G–I) Modifying the size of the 3D model. (G) Device compression and (H) protrusion in 3D model measured using a digital caliper. (I) Tug test for stability. (J) Device compression and protrusion measured in a clinical procedure. (K) Three-dimensional TEE en face view of final device position. (L) Color Doppler assessment showing no peridevice leaks. (M) In another case, color Doppler assessment revealed a residual leak with a jet width of 3.4 mm. Reprinted with permission under open access from Fan et al. [112].