Table 2.
Social isolation according to the characteristics of participants (N = 203).
| Variables | Categories | n (%) | M ± SD | Social isolation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | t or F (P) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 82 (40.4) | 19.8 ± 4.43 | −1.95 (.053) | |
| Female | 121 (59.6) | 21.2 ± 5.55 | |||
| Age (yr) | 60–69 | 87 (42.9) | 71.6 ± 7.95 | 20.4 ± 5.16 | .37 (.695) |
| 70–79 | 79 (38.9) | 20.6 ± 5.11 | |||
| ≥80 | 37 (18.2) | 21.3 ± 5.33 | |||
| Religiosity | Yes | 147 (72.4) | 19.9 ± 4.91 | −3.25 (.001) | |
| No | 56 (27.6) | 22.5 ± 5.38 | |||
| Education level | No education | 15 (7.4) | 20.9 ± 4.0 | ||
| Elementary school | 35 (17.2) | 22.2 ± 5.47 | 2.4 (.069) | ||
| Middle school | 123 (60.6) | 20.63 ± 5.04 | |||
| High school | |||||
| College | 30 (14.8) | 18.8 ± 5.39 | |||
| Marital status | Married | 196 (96.6) | 20.6 ± 5.15 | −1.45 (.149) | |
| Unmarried | 7 (3.4) | 23.4 ± 5.16 | |||
| Living arrangement | Living alone* | 66 (32.5) | 23.0 ± 5.07 | 11.10 (<.001) a > b,c* |
|
| Living with spouse* | 86 (42.4) | 19.56 ± 5.02 | |||
| Living with offspring* | 51 (25.1) | 19.47 ± 4.55 | |||
| Monthly income (USD) | <400 | 83 (40.9) | 21.58 ± 5.14 | 2.38 (.071) | |
| ≥400–<800 | 47 (23.2) | 20.87 ± 5.08 | |||
| ≥800–<1600 | 54 (26.6) | 19.69 ± 5.38 | |||
| ≥1600 | 19 (9.4) | 18.84 ± 4.20 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 109 (53.7) | 20.0 ± 4.84 | −1.79 (.740) | |
| No | 94 (46.3) | 21.35 ± 5.44 | |||
| Perceived health status | ≥Fair | 72 (35.5) | 18.81 ± 4.54 | −3.92 (<.001) | |
| Poor | 131 (64.5) | 21.7 ± 5.22 | |||
| Chronic illness | Yes | 167 (82.3) | 20.95 ± 5.13 | 1.77 (.078) | |
| No | 36 (17.7) | 19.28 ± 5.15 | |||
| Dwelling type | Attached house | 90 (20.37) | 20.37 ± 4.72 | −.71 (.479) | |
| Detached house | 113 (20.88) | 20.88 ± 5.50 | |||
| Total duration of hearing loss (months) | <6* | 27 (13.3) | 18.22 ± 4.73 | 11.33 (<.001) c > a,b* |
|
| 6–12* | 36 (17.7) | 18.19 ± 4.62 | |||
| >12* | 140 (69.0) | 21.76 ± 5.03 | |||
| Objective hearing function: level of hearing loss | Mild* | 14 (6.9) | 18.43 ± 4.09 | 17.49 (<.001) e > a,b,c* |
|
| Moderate* | 110 (54.2) | 19.05 ± 4,53 | |||
| Moderately severe* | 38 (18.7) | 20.84 ± 4.67 | |||
| Severe* | 27 (13.3) | 24.56 ± 4.46 | |||
| Profound* | 14 (6.9) | 27.43 ± 3.84 | |||
| Experience using hearing aids | Yes | 42 (20.7) | 23.4 ± 4.72 | 3.94 (<.001) | |
| No | 161 (79.3) | 20.0 ± 5.05 | |||
| Subjective hearing handicap | Yes | 135 (33.5) | 77.68 ± 11.87 | 22.37 ± 4.87 | −7.53 (<.001) |
| No | 68 (66.5) | 17.25 ± 3.89 | |||
| Communication-related life satisfaction | ≥Fair | 150 (73.9) | 45.97 ± 14.34 | 19.01 ± 4.38 | 9.06 (<.001) |
| Poor | 53 (26.1) | 25.32 ± 4.3 | |||
HL = hearing loss, M = mean, SD = standard deviation, USD = United States dollar.
*
Scheffé’s test: post-hoc analysis.