Table 3.
Reported predictive parameters of most discriminant potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (vs. healthy subjects) from included studies.
| Study | Most Discriminant Markers | AUC | −95% CI | +95% CI | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boschi et al., 2022 [28] | Aβ42 | 0.806 | - | - | 84 | 68 |
| Carro et al., 2017 [39] | lactoferrin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 100 |
| Cui et al., 2022 [29] | Aβ42 | 0.8483 | - | - | - | - |
| p-tau, t-tau, Aβ40, Aβ42 combined together | 0.9211 | - | - | - | - | |
| González-Sánchez et al., 2020 [41] | lactoferrin | 0.93 | 0.876 | 0.989 | 87.1 | 92.9 |
| Huan et al., 2018 [51] | methylguanosine, choline-cytidine, histidinyl-phenylalanine | 0.997 | 0.997 | 1.000 | 98.5 | 96.6 |
| phenylalanyl-proline, phenylalanylphenylalanine, urocanic acid | 0.831 | 0.770 | 0.888 | 82.2 | 73.6 | |
| Katsipis et al., 2021 [31] | GFAP (ELISA) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 75 | 100 |
| GFAP (Dot Blot) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 85 | 75 | |
| Liang et al., 2015 [52] | sphinganine-1-phosphate | 0.998 | - | - | 99.4 | 98.2 |
| ornithine | 0.927 | - | - | 81.9 | 90.7 | |
| phenyllactic acid | 0.831 | - | - | 79.5 | 84.3 | |
| inosine | 0.740 | - | - | 66.8 | 77.0 | |
| 3-dehydrocarnitine | 0.669 | - | - | 57.4 | 84.2 | |
| hypoxanthine | 0.674 | - | - | 53.7 | 73.9 | |
| Peña-Bautista et al., 2020 [54] | acetylcholine | 0.660 | 0.492 | 0.828 | - | - |
| glutamine | 0.777 | 0.619 | 0.935 | - | - | |
| creatine | 0.331 | 0.167 | 0.494 | - | - | |
| myoinositol | 0.261 | 0.113 | 0.408 | - | - | |
| myoinositol, glutamine, creatine, acetylcholine combined together | 0.806 | 0.674 | 0.939 | 61 | 92 | |
| Ryu et al., 2023 [55] | miRNA-485-3p | 0.895 | 0.796 | 0.994 | 74.1 | 92.3 |
| Sabaei et al., 2023 [35] | Aβ1–42 | 0.81 | - | - | 62.5 | 91.0 |
| p-tau | 0.78 | - | - | 91.7 | 63.6 | |
| α-synuclein | 0.71 | - | - | 66.7 | 68.2 | |
| Zalewska et al., 2021 [38] | CAT | 0.918 | 0.827 | 1.000 | 82.6 | 84.0 |
| GPx | 0.741 | 0.584 | 0.897 | 73.9 | 72.0 | |
| GSH | 0.684 | 0.526 | 0.842 | 72.7 | 72.0 | |
| IL-1β | 0.853 | 0.742 | 0.964 | 84.0 | 84.0 | |
| Aβ | 0.949 | 0.894 | 1.000 | 86.4 | 84.0 | |
| lactoferrin | 0.690 | 0.537 | 0.842 | 64.0 | 64.0 | |
| SOD | 0.777 | 0.629 | 0.926 | 69.6 | 68.0 | |
| TOS | 0.920 | 0.814 | 1.000 | 91.3 | 92.0 | |
| AGE | 0.936 | 0.851 | 1.000 | 87.0 | 88.0 | |
| AOPP | 0.680 | 0.531 | 0.829 | 56.0 | 56.0 | |
| MDA | 0.688 | 0.508 | 0.868 | 66.7 | 68.0 | |
| NO | 0.672 | 0.523 | 0.821 | 56.0 | 56.0 | |
| nitrotyrosine | 0.702 | 0.541 | 0.863 | 63.6 | 64.0 | |
| peroxynitrite | 0.816 | 0.693 | 0.940 | 63.6 | 79.2 | |
| OSI | 0.936 | 0.847 | 1.000 | 90.0 | 92.0 |
Legend: Aβ, beta-amyloid; AGE, advanced glycation end products; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; AUC, area under curve; CAT, catalase; CI, confidence interval; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GFAP, glial fibrillar acidic protein; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; OSI, oxidative stress index; p-tau, phosphorylated tau; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TOS, mean total oxidant status; t-tau, total tau.