Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population presented as overall data and stratified according to AKI development.
| Parameter | Overall (n = 194) |
Non-AKI Development (n = 143) |
AKI Development (n = 51) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median [IQR] | 83.0 [82.0–87.0] | 83.0 [81.3–87.0] | 84.0 [82.0–87.0] | 0.562 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| M | 100 (51.5) | 70 (49.0) | 30 (58.8) | 0.207 |
| F | 94 (48.5) | 73 (51.0) | 21 (41.2) | |
| Duration of hospitalization, median [IQR] | 15.0 [8.0–25.0] | 16.0 [9.0–25.0] | 10.0 [6.0–16.8] | 0.007 |
| Days before hospitalization, median [IQR] | 6.0 [3.0–9.0] | 5.0 [3.0–8.0] | 7.0 [1.3–12.8] | 0.688 |
| Body temp (°C), median [IQR] | 36.3 [36.0–37.0] | 36.3 [36.0–37.0] | 36.3 [36.0–37.1] | 0.956 |
| History of fever, n (%) | 109 (56.2) | 81 (56.6) | 28 (54.9) | 0.830 |
| Respiratory rate (apm), median [IQR] | 20.0 [18.0–25.0] | 20.0 [16.8–25.0] | 22.0 [18.0–28.0] | 0.056 |
| Heart rate (bpm), median [IQR] | 80.0 [73.0–93.0] | 80.0 [73.0–90.0] | 85.5 [73.5–100.0] | 0.255 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg), median [IQR] | ||||
| Systolic | 135.0 [120.0–145.0] | 135.0 [120.0–145.0] | 130.0 [120.0–153.0] | 0.928 |
| Diastolic | 73.5 [69.0–80.0] | 70.0 [66.0–80.0] | 77.5 [70.0–80.0] | 0.217 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 15 (7.7) | 12 (8.4) | 3 (5.9) | 0.566 |
| Oxygen saturation %, median [IQR] | 93.0 [88.0–96.0] | 93.0 [89.0–96.0] | 94.0 [87.0–97.0] | 0.566 |
| GCS/15, n (%) | ||||
| Mild/non-impaired consciousness | 167 (86.1) | 128 (89.5) | 39 (76.5) | 0.021 |
| Moderate/Severe impaired consciousness | 27 (13.9) | 15 (10.5) | 12 (23.5) | |
| Oxygen therapy, n (%) | 99 (51.0) | 70 (48.9) | 29 (56.9) | 0.134 |
| Chronic cardiac disease, n (%) | 92 (49.5) | 63 (44.1) | 29 (56.9) | 0.053 |
| CKD, n (%) | 37 (18.8) | 23 (16.1) | 14 (27.5) | 0.097 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median [IQR] | 59.1 [34.7–75.7] | 63.0 [46.4–80.6] | 34.6 [20.4–57.7] | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 147 (75.8) | 108 (73.5) | 39 (83.0) | 0.187 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 50 (25.8) | 35 (23.8) | 15 (31.9) | 0.223 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 15 (7.7) | 14 (9.5) | 1 (2.1) | 0.099 |
| CLD, n (%) | 12 (6.2) | 10 (7.0) | 2 (3.9) | 0.436 |
| Chronic Respiratory Disease, n (%) | 51 (26.3) | 34 (23.8) | 17 (33.3) | 0.184 |
| Chronic neurological disorder, n (%) | 42 (21.6) | 32 (22.4) | 10 (19.6) | 0.681 |
| Malign, n (%) | 24 (12.4) | 16 (10.9) | 8 (17.0) | 0.267 |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 91 (53.1) | 53 (37.1) | 38 (74.5) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital Drugs | ||||
| Steroids, n (%) | 175 (90.2) | 131 (91.6) | 44 (86.3) | 0.209 |
| Monoclonal Abs, n (%) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.0) | 0.445 |
| Antivirals, n (%) | 25 (12.9) | 21 (14.7) | 4 (7.8) | 0.212 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 166 (87.4) | 122 (85.3) | 44 (86.2) | 0.784 |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 29 (14.9) | 24 (16.8) | 5 (9.8) | 0.244 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 188 (96.9) | 137 (95.8) | 51 (100) | 0.138 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 82 (42.3) | 45 (31.4) | 37 (72.5) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: M: male; F: female; IQR: interquartile range; apm: acts per minute; bpm: beats per minute; Body temp: body temperature; GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CLD: chronic liver disease; Malign: malignancies; NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.