Table 2.
Comparing demographic, nutritional, and lifestyle factors and changes in HDL-c, triglycerides, and blood glucose in patients with metabolic syndrome.
| Factors | Low HDL-ca | p | Hypertriglyceridemiab | p | Hyperglycemiac | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
| Sex d | |||||||||
| Male | 36 (69.2) | 16 (30.8) | 0.008 | 36 (69.2) | 16 (30.8) | 0.151 | 45 (86.5) | 07 (13.5) | 0.013 |
| Female | 147 (85.5) | 25 (14.5) | 100 (58.1) | 72 (41.9) | 119 (69.2) | 53 (30.8) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2)e | 32.0 (28.1–37.0) | 31.6 (28.7–39.1) | 0.973 | 31.5 (27.9–32.7) | 33.2 (29.4–39.9) | 0.015 | 32.0 (28.2–38.0) | 32.0 (29.0–37.0) | 0.738 |
|
| |||||||||
| Smoking d | |||||||||
| Never smokers | 79 (84.0) | 15 (16.0) | 0.784 | 55 (58.5) | 39 (41.5) | 0.747 | 62 (66.0) | 32 (34.0) | 0.032 |
| Nonsmokers | 35 (83.3) | 07 (16.7) | 26 (61.9) | 16 (38.1) | 28 (66.7) | 14 (33.3) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 57 (78.1) | 16 (21.9) | 44 (60.3) | 29 (39.7) | 61 (84.6) | 12 (16.4) | |||
| Smokers | 12 (80.0) | 03 (20.0) | 11 (73.3) | 04 (26.7) | 13 (86.7) | 02 (13.3) | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Alcohol consumption/month d | |||||||||
| Don't consume | 99 (85.3) | 17 (14.7) | 0.018 | 70 (60.3) | 46 (39.7) | 0.564 | 82 (70.7) | 34 (29.3) | 0.115 |
| 1 drink | 46 (83.6) | 09 (16.4) | 30 (54.5) | 25 (45.5) | 42 (25.6) | 13 (21.7) | |||
| 1–4 drinks | 19 (86.4) | 03 (13.6) | 15 (68.2) | 07 (31.8) | 13 (59.1) | 09 (40.9) | |||
| >5 drinks | 19 (61.3) | 12 (38.7) | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) | 27 (87.1) | 04 (12.9) | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Physical activity d | |||||||||
| Sedentary | 19 (82.6) | 04 (17.4) | 0.465 | 17 (73.9) | 06 (26.1) | 0.003 | 19 (82.6) | 04 (17.4) | 0.345 |
| Irregularly active A | 42 (89.4) | 05 (10.6) | 34 (72.3) | 13 (27.7) | 35 (74.5) | 12 (25.5) | |||
| Irregularly active B | 28 (77.8) | 08 (22.2) | 27 (75.0) | 09 (25.0) | 29 (80.6) | 07 (19.4) | |||
| Active/very active | 94 (79.7) | 24 (20.3) | 58 (48.1) | 60 (50.9) | 81 (68.6) | 37 (31.4) | |||
| Sleep hourse | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 (6.0–7.7) | 0.43 | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 0.224 | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 0.367 |
aReference values: <40 mg/dL for men and <50 g/dL for women (NCEP, 2002), breference values: ≥150 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering agents (NCEP, 2002), creference values: ≥100 mg/dL or use of hypoglycemic agents (NCEP, 2002), dData presented as n (%), and edata presented as median (Q1 = quartile 1 or percentile 25; Q3 = quartile 3 or percentile 75). Significant values are given in bold (p < 0.05, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon test).