Table 2.
Agent/chemical/drug and the modes of actions used in the treatment of contaminated food, exposed to animals and/or human beings
| Agent/chemical/crug | Treatment (mode) food/animal/human | Mode of action of agent/chemical/drug | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical (heat and gamma rays) | Contaminated food | Neutralization of AFB1 | [141] |
| Chemical (acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents) | Contaminated food | Destruction or extinguish AFB1 | [141] |
| Biotechnological (plant extracts and bacterial strains) | Contaminated food | Degradation of AFB1 | [141] |
| Novasil clay minerals | Animal and humans (oral) | Absorption of AFB1 in vitro | [141] |
| Phyllanthus amarus | Humans (oral) | Augmentation lipid peroxidation, leading to downregulation of AFB1 in the liver | [143,144] |
| Black tea | Humans (oral) | Augmentation lipid peroxidation, leading to downregulation of AFB1 in the liver | [143,144] |
| Gynandra extract | Animals and humans (oral) | Anti-oxidant | [39,40,145] |
| Esculin | Animals and humans (oral) | Anti-oxidant | [39,40,145] |
| Selenium | Animals and humans (oral) | Anti-oxidant | [39,40,72,76,145] |
| Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) | Animals and humans (oral) | Anti-oxidant | [146] |
| Vitamin E | Animals and humans (oral) | Anti-oxidant | [38,90,148] |
| Oltipraz | Animals (oral) | Reduction of hepatic AFB1-derived DNA adducts | [150–152] |
| CDDO-Im | Animals and humans (oral) | Multifunctional agent with anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, apoptotic, and cytoprotective activities | [156–159] |