Table 4.
Metabolites that gut microbiota produces and their functions.
| Metabolites | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|
| Bile acid metabolites | Glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, antimicrobial effects, signal transduction pathways. | [102,115] |
| Phenolic derivatives | Maintenance of intestinal health and protection against oxidative stress. | [83,116,117] |
| Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) | Increased histone acetylation. | [118,119] |
| Indole derivatives | Powerful antioxidant; regulation of intestinal barrier function. | [120,121] |
| Ethanol | Protein fermentation metabolite. | [122,123] |
| Polyamines | Intestinal barrier integrity and enhancement of specific immune system. | [14,124] |
| Choline metabolites | Regulation of lipid metabolism and glucose synthesis. | [125,126] |
| Vitamin K and B complex | Erythrocyte formation, DNA replication/repair, enzymatic co-factor. | [127,128] |
| Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) | Neutralization of singlet reactive oxygen species. | [118,129,130] |