Table 3.
International water-soluble vitamin intake recommendations for breastfeeding mothers and evidence of compliance with nutritional recommendations.
| Organization Recommendations | Evidence of Compliance with Nutritional Recommendations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFSA (2017) [57] | WHO/FAO (2005) [58] | Below the Recommendations (n, Studies) | Meet/Above the Recommendations (n, Studies) | |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 1.1 | 1.5 | n = 3 [60,61,63] | n = 4 [2,59,62,64] |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 2 a | 1.6 | n = 1 [63] | n = 4 [1,2,59,62] |
| Vitamin B3 (mg/day) | 16 b | 17 b | n = 2 [61,63] | n = 3 [1,2,64] |
| Vitamin B5 (mg/day) | 7 c | 7 | - | - |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.7 d | 2 | n = 3 [60,61,63] | n = 4 [1,2,59,62] |
| Folic Acid (μg/day) | 500 e, f | 500 | n = 5 [1,2,59,60,63] | n = 0 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 5 | 2.8 | n = 1 [61] | n = 3 [2,6,62] |
| Biotin (μg/day) | 45 | 35 | - | - |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 155 g | 70 | n = 2 [63,64] | n = 2 [1,59] |
a EFSA values for vitamin B2 or riboflavin are PRI/AI. b Values for vitamin B3 or niacin are expressed in mg of NE (1 mg of niacin = 1 niacin equivalent or NE = 60 mg of tryptophan). c EFSA values for vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid are AI. d EFSA values for vitamin B6 or pyridoxine are PRI/AI. e EFSA values for vitamin B9 or folate are PRI/AI. f EFSA and WHO/FAO values for vitamin B9 or folate are expressed as mg of dietary folate equivalents or DFE. DFE can be calculated as μg DFE = μg of food folate + (1.7 × μg of folic acid). g EFSA values for vitamin C are PRI. AI: adequate intake; NIR: nutritional intake of reference; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; WHO/FAO: World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization.