Table 4.
International mineral recommendations for breastfeeding mothers and evidence of compliance with nutritional recommendations.
| Organization Recommendations | Evidence of Compliance with Nutritional Recommendations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFSA (2017) [57] | WHO/FAO (2005) [58] | Below the Recommendations (n, Studies) |
Meet/Above the Recommendations (n, Studies) |
|||
| Reference Intakes | AI | NIR | ||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 975 | 1000 a,b,c | n = 4 [1,59,61,79] | n = 5 [2,19,64,80,81] | ||
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 300 | 270 a,b,c | n = 1 [20] | n = 3 [59,64,79] | ||
| High bioavailability | Moderate bioavailability | Low bioavailability | ||||
| Zinc (mg/day) | 12.2 | 5.8 a | 9.5 a | 19 a | n = 4 [59,64,79,82] | n = 4 [1,27,61,81] |
| 5.3 b | 8.8 b | 17.5 b | ||||
| 4.3 c | 7.2 c | 14.4 c | ||||
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2000 | - | n = 1 [1] | n = 5 [59,64,79,80,83] | ||
| Potassium (mg/day) | 4000 | - | n = 5 [1,2,59,64,79] | n = 1 [80] | ||
| Phosphorous (mg/day) | 550 | - | n = 0 | n = 5 [1,20,59,79,81] | ||
| Iron (mg/day) | 16 | 10–30 a,b,c,d | n = 6 [20,27,59,79,81,84] | n = 4 [2,61,64,80] | ||
| Iodine (μg/day) | 200 | 200 a,b,c | n = 6 [2,59,64,79,85,86] | n = 2 [2,87] | ||
a 0–3 months, b 3–6 months, c 7–12 months, d according to bioavailability. AI: adequate intake; NIR: nutritional intake of reference. (-) not available. EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; WHO/FAO, World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization.