Table 3.
Combination strategies for synergetic enhancement between SIN and other drugs.
| Combined Drugs | Cell Type or Model In Vitro (Effective Concentrations or IC50 Values) | Mechanism of Action | In Vivo | Year | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (mg/kg) | Therapeutic Effect | |||||
| Aclarubicin | HL-60 (15.2–60.7 Nm of SIN) | ↑: Caspases-3/-9. ↓: PGE, PGE2, COX-2, and NF-κ. |
NR | 2011 | [52] | |
| 5-FU | MKN-28, SGC-709, BGC-823 and HGC-27 (20–80 µM of SIN for these four cell lines) | ↑: Transfer of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, caspase-3/-9. ↓: TS mRNA levels. |
10 mg/kg | ↓: Tumor volume and weight in combination group. | 2013 | [53] |
| 5-FU | HepG2 (3.9 mM of SIN combined with 44.92 mM of 5-FU) | ↓: Cell activity. | NR | 2021 | [54] | |
| Adriamycin | Caco-2 and MDR-Caco-2 (500 mM of SIN for both cell lines) | ↓: PGE2, P-gp/MDR1, COX-2, and NF-κB. | NR | 2014 | [56] | |
| Cisplatin | A549 (50 μM of SIN combined with 3372.5 mM of Cisplatin) | ↑: miR-200a-3p. ↓: Glutamine metabolism. |
NR | 2022 | [57] | |
| Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid |
PBMC (10–1000 μM of SIN) | ↓: Thymidine incorporation, interleukin-2 synthesis, and T lymphocyte cell cycle progression. | NR | 1999 | [58] | |
| MTX | RA-FLS (303.6 μM of SIN) | ↑: OPG and ratio of OPG/RANKL. ↓: RANKL, OPN, IL-6, IL-17, MMP-1, and MMP-3/-13. |
120 mg/kg | ↓: Synovial inflammation and joint injury. | 2014 | [59] |
NR: None reported. ↓: Decrease or inhibition. ↑: Increase or induction. If IC50 values were reported, we displayed them in the second column. If IC50 values were not reported, we only displayed effective concentrations in the second column.