Table 6.
Immunosuppression activity of SIN.
| Activity | Cell Type or Model In Vitro (Effective Concentrations or IC50 Values) | Mechanism of Action | In Vivo | Year | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (mg/kg) | Therapeutic Effect | |||||
| Immunosuppression | NR | 30, 100 mg/kg | ↓: Anti-SRBC PFC, number of spleen cells. | 1985 | [170] | |
| Kidney protection | TECs CD4+ T (303.6 μM) | ↑: IL-2 and IFN-γ. ↓: B7-H1 and B7-DC. |
NR | 2005 | [171] | |
| Inducing CD4T cell apoptosis | CD4+ T (0.1 mM and 1 mM) |
G1 phase blockade ↓: Caspase-3 cleavage. |
NR | 2007 | [172] | |
| Anti-MS | NR | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | ↓: EAE clinical scores, percentage of initial weight loss, TNF-α, IFN-g, MIP-1A, and MCP-1. | 2007 | [173] | |
| Promoting DC differentiation | DC (607.2 μM) | ↑: Differentiation of monocytes into DCS, CD1a. ↓: CD14, CD86, CD40, B7-H1, HLADR, CD32, MR reversion, IFN-γ, and IL-2 production. |
NR | 2007 | [174] | |
| Anti-rheumatic heart disease | HUVECs (0.5 M and 1.0 M) | ↓: VCAM-1. | NR | 2007 | [175] | |
| Promoting DC maturation | DC (2 mM and 5 mM) |
↓: HLA-DR, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83, CPM value, IL-1, NF-κB, p-IκBα, and migration of RelB from cytoplasm to nucleus. | NR | 2007 | [176] | |
| Promoting RBL-2H3 activation | RBL-2H3 (0.5–2 mM) | ↓: β-amino-hexosamine release, IL-4, TNF-α, p-GAB2, p-Akt, and p-p38MAPK. | NR | 2008 | [177] | |
| Inhibiting L-histidine decarboxylase | L-histidine decarboxylase (IC50 = 969 mM, KI = 762 mM) | ↓: L-histidine decarboxylase inhibition. | NR | 2009 | [178] | |
| Promote cell threshing | RBL-2H3 (31.25–2 mM) | ↑: β-hhexosaminidase, P-CPLA2, p-ERK promotion, ANXA1 cleavage, and COX-2. ↓: Degranulation of RBL-2H3 cell induction. |
NR | 2015 | [179] | |
| Anti-macrophage activation | P815 (0.1–100 μM) | ↑: β-hexosaminidase release, IP3, intracellular Ca2+, IP 3R, p-Lyn, and PLCγ1. ↓: Histamine release. |
0.364, 1.82, 9.10 mg/kg | ↑: Mouse ear vascular permeability, IP3, and TNF-α. | 2016 | [180] |
NR: None reported. ↓: Decrease or inhibition. ↑: Increase or induction. If IC50 values were reported, we displayed them in the second column. If IC50 values were not reported, we only displayed effective concentrations in the second column.