Table 9.
Kidney protection of SIN.
| Activity | Cell Type or Model In Vitro (Effective Concentrations or IC50 Values) | Mechanism of Action | In Vivo | Year | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (mg/kg) | Therapeutic Effect | |||||
| Anti-kidney injury | NR | ↑: Nephrin and podocin, PPAR-α. ↓: TNF-α and IL-1β. |
10, 30 mg/kg |
↑: Total protein and serum albumin ↓: Weight loss, foot process width of rats, and urinary protein excretion cholesterol and triglycerides. |
2012 | [187] |
| Anti-kidney injury | NR | ↓: XCL-10, ICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, p-IKK-β, IκB-α, NF-κB, MAPk, p-P44/42, p-JNK, and p-P38. | 200 mg/kg | ↓: Serum CR and BUN, renal histological damage, and inflammatory infiltration. | 2013 | [188] |
| Anti-kidney injury | HK-2 (0.1–50 μM) | ↑: MiR-124. ↓: Apoptosis. |
200 mg/kg | ↑: SOD. ↓: MDA, MPO, inflammatory infiltration, and renal cell apoptosis induced via I/R. |
2016 | [189] |
| Anti-Kidney Injury | HEK293 (25–100 μM) | ↑: Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, ARG-1, and IL-10. ↓: Keap1. |
100 mg/kg | ↓: Renal fibrosis, E-Cadherin, α-SMA and fibronectin, IL-1β, and TNF-α. | 2016 | [190] |
| Anti-renal fibrosis | HEK293 (25–100 μM) | ↑: Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and NRF2. ↓: GFβ/Smad Wnt/β-catenin, and TGFβ-induced ROS levels. |
100 mg/kg | ↓: Renal tubular dystrophy and fibrosis area. | 2016 | [191] |
| Anti-diabetic nephropathy (DN) | HrGECs induced by hyperglycemia (HG) (50 μM and 100 μM) | ↑: Activation of C/EBP-α/Claudin-5 axis. ↓: Production of IL-18 and IL-1β within cells. |
20, 40 mg/kg | ↓: Blood glucose, body weight, kidney tissue pathology, infiltrating inflammatory cell, and alleviated glomerular endothelial dysfunction. | 2022 | [192] |
| Anti-renal fibrosis | NR | ↑: PIK3CB TGF-β1, miR-204-5P, autophagy induction, and M2-type polarization. ↓: Creatinine and BUN, PI3K/Akt, pro-inflammatory cytokine, and M1-type polarization. |
50, 100 mg/kg | ↓: Body weight and kidney weight. | 2023 | [193] |
| Anti-cisplatin (CP)-induced kidney injury | HK2 (IC50 = 280 μM) |
↑: p21, Bax, Noxa, PARP1, BcL-2, and SIRT6. ↓: HO-1, 4-HNE, 3-NT, TNF-α, STAT3, p-STAT3, NF-κB p65, and caspase-3/-8. |
5 mg/kg | ↓: Blood BUN, creatinin, NGAL, KIM-1, and histopathological scores. | 2023 | [194] |
NR: None reported. ↓: Decrease or inhibition. ↑: Increase or induction. If IC50 values were reported we displayed them in the second column. If IC50 values were not reported, we only displayed effective concentrations in the second column.