Table 12.

Liver protection and respiratory protection of SIN.

Activity	Cell Type or Model In Vitro (Effective Concentrations or IC50 Values)	Mechanism of Action	In Vivo		Year	Ref.
			Dose (mg/kg)	Therapeutic Effect
Anti-inflammatory	NR		10–100 mg/kg	↓: Liver injury, TNF, and ROS.	1994	[206]
Anti-acute liver injury	BRL-3A (30.4–303.6 μM)	↑: SOD and GSH-Px. ↓: TGF-β/Smad, MDA, LDH d, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and NLRP3.	100 mg/kg	↓: Liver dysfunction.	2020	[207]
Anti-IR in liver	NR	↑: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and Nrf-2/HO-1.	100 mg/kg	↓: ALT, AST, LDH, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proportion of cytoplasmic vacuoles and necrotic cells.	2022	[208]
Protect liver injury caused by Pb	NR	↑: BcL-2. ↓: Caspase-3, Bax, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, NF-κB p65, and IκBα.	100 mg/kg	↑: T-AOC, body weight of Pb mice. ↓: Liver index, serum ALT, AST, LDH, liver lead content of Pb mice, and MDA level.	2023	[209]
Treatment of acute lung injury	NR	↑: SOD, NQO1, Nrf2, HO-1, PKC, and Nrf2. ↓: Nrf2/Keap1/PKC, p-NF-κB p65, cytokines, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, and Keap1.	100 mg/kg	↓: Lung W/D ratio, neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary edema, alveolar wall thickening and cell structure destruction, level of BALF, BALF neutrophils, and MPO.	2018	[210]
Anti-airway remodeling	16Hbe (607.2 mM)	↓: Cell migration, MMP7, MMP9, and vimentin.	35, 75 mg/kg	↓: IgE, IL-4, airway remodeling alleviation, subepithelial collagen deposition, EMT, TGF-B1, and Smad3.	2021	[211]
Anti-cough	NR	↓: TRPVl, SOX5, intracellular Ca2+, SP, and NKA.	5000 mg/kg	↓: Capsaicin-induced high cough sensitivity and inflammatory cell infiltration.	2021	[212]

NR: None reported. ↓: Decrease or inhibition. ↑: Increase or induction. If IC₅₀ values were reported, we displayed them in the second column. If IC₅₀ values were not reported, we only displayed effective concentrations in the second column.