Table 13.
Antioxidant activity of SIN.
| Activity | Cell Type or Model In Vitro (Effective Concentrations or IC50 Values) | Mechanism of Action | In Vivo | Year | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (mg/kg) | Therapeutic Effect | |||||
| Anti-oxidative stress | PC12 (5 μM) |
↑: Nrf2 antioxidant system, cells survival rate, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, and antioxidant genes expression. ↓: NOX and oxidative stress response. |
NR | 2017 | [213] | |
| Anti-GDM | NR | ↓: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, MYD88, NLRP3, TLR4, NF-κB, GDM, and TLR4. | 10 mg/kg | ↑: TAC, GST, and SOD. ↓: LPO. GPX, |
2021 | [214] |
| DPPH and H2O2 clearance | Mouse skin (DPPH: IC50 = 25.5 μM, H2O2: IC50 = 1.1 mM) |
NR | 5 mM | MDA inhibition | 2022 | [215] |
NR: None reported. ↓: Decrease or inhibition. ↑: Increase or induction. If IC50 values were reported, we displayed them in the second column. If IC50 values were not reported, we only displayed effective concentrations in the second column.